PKEFACE. 



IN my work on " Cave-hunting/' published in 1874, I 

 endeavoured to clear the way for the present enquiry 

 into primaeval man, his growth in culture, his conditions 

 of life, and his relation to history ; and I found it 

 necessary to treat of cave- exploration in detail, before 

 I could venture to grapple with the difficulties inherent 

 in a work which treats of the borderland of geology, 

 archaeology, and history. In dealing with them, I 

 have to acknowledge my debt to the writings of Sir 

 Charles Lyell, Sir John Lubbock, Mr. John Evans, 

 Dr. Thurnam, and Mr. Franks in this country ; to 

 Professors Gaudry, Steenstrup, Capellini, and Drs. 

 Broca, Virchow, Wiberg, Rutimeyer, Jorsyth Major 

 on the Continent, as well as to many contributors to 

 the scientific periodicals of France, Switzerland, Italy, 

 and Germany, and more especially to the valuable 

 memoirs in the Comptes Rendus du Congres Interna- 

 tional d Anthropologie et dArcheologie Prehistoriques. 

 I have also used the materials accumulated in some 

 of my own Essays published in the Edinburgh and 

 Fortnightly Reviews, and in the Quarterly Journal of 

 the Geological Society. I have attempted more particu- 



