CHAP, iv.] UPPER PLEIOCENE MAMMALIA OF ITALY. 83 



while others, such as Cervus perrieri and the variety 

 C. issiodorensis (Figs. 12, 12a), are closely allied to the 

 C. taivanus of eastern Asia, while others, again (Cer- 

 vus etuenarum and C. pardinensis, Figs. 13, 14), can 

 scarcely be distinguished from the axis or spotted deer 

 of India. Some of them (Cervus tetraceros) are wholly 

 unlike any living form of deer in the shape of their 

 antlers (Fig. 15). These were the prey of bears and 

 wolves and felines allied to the panther and lynx, as 

 well as of the great sabre-toothed Machairodus, the 

 most formidable of all the carnivora. At night the 

 Pleiocene forests of central France echoed with the 

 weird laughter of the hyaena, belonging to two extinct 

 species, H. perrieri and H. arvernensis. 



Upper Pleiocene Mammalia of Italy. 



The mammalia inhabiting the Pleiocene forests of the 

 Val d'Arno, and recently classified by Dr. Forsyth 

 Major, are more closely allied to the fauna of Auvergne 

 than to that of Montpellier. In them the Elephas 

 meridionalis and Mastodon arvernensis, and the hippo- 

 potamus, lived side by side. We also meet with a bear 

 (Ursus etruscus) which differs very slightly from that 

 of Auvergne ; the Machairodus, the fossil hyaena, and 

 two deer of the oriental forms above mentioned, are 

 common to both regions. Very possibly also the hog 

 (Sus Strozzi) may be merely a local race of that of 

 Auvergne. Besides these animals, however, common 

 both to France and Italy, there are some peculiar to the 

 latter possessed of very remarkable characters. An ox 

 (Bos etruscus of Falconer) presents us with the first 

 instance of polled cattle. A horse (Equus Stenonis), 



