CHAP, v.] SURVIVALS FROM PLEIOCENE PERIOD. 95 



contrast to those which preceded them in Europe. In- 

 stead of the one or two living species of the Pleiocene 

 age, there are many, and they preponderate greatly over 

 the extinct, standing to them in the relation of fifty-five 

 to twenty-two, out of a total of seventy-seven. They 

 may be divided into groups, which throw great light 

 on the climatal and geographical conditions under which 

 man lived in Europe. 1 



Survivals from Pleiocene Period. 



The first group to be noted consists of survivals from 

 the preceding age. One living species, now only found 

 in Africa south of the Sahara, and seven extinct, survived 

 the changes which caused the destruction of the rest of 

 the Pleiocene mammals, as may be seen in the following 

 list :- 



Survivals from Pleiocene, Living Species = 1. 

 African hippopotamus . . Hippopotamus amphibius. 

 Survivals from Pleiocene, Extinct Species = 7. 



Sabre-toothed lion . . Machairodus latidens, Owen. 



Bear of Auvergne . . . Ursus arvernensis. 



Big-nosed rhinoceros (Fig. 18) Rhinoceros megarhinus, Christol. 



Etruskan rhinoceros . . B. etruscus, Falc. 



Sedgwick's deer (Fig. 16) . Cervus dicranios, Nesti. 



Deer of Polignac C. polignacus, Robert. 



Southern elephant (Fig. 18) . Elephas meridional, Nesti. 



1 In working out the ranges of the animals in this chapter, I have 

 chiefly used works of the following authors : Blackmore and Alston, 

 " Arvicolida)," Proceed. Zool. Soc. t 1874, p. 460 ; Bell, British Quadrupeds, 

 8vo, 1837 ; Blasius, Fauna der Wirbelthiere Deutschlands, 8vo, 1857 ; 

 Busk, Trans. Zool. Soc., x. Part II. ; Clermont, Lord, Quadrupeds and 

 Reptiles of Europe, 8vo ; Dawkins and Sanford, " British Pleistocene Mam- 

 malia," Palceont. Soc., 1866 ; Desmarest, Mammalorjie, 4to, Paris, 1820 ; 

 Falconer, Palceontographical Memoirs, 2 vols. 8vo, 1868 ; Fischer, Synopsis 



