CHAP, v.] SPECIES RESTRICTED TO COLD REGIONS. 101 



with those which enjoy the cold climate of the moun- 

 tains not far removed from the snow line, viz. 



Snowy vole . . Arvicola nivalis, Martins. 



Alpine marmot . Arctomys marmotta, Schreb. 



Chamois . . Antilope rupricapra, Pal. 



Ibex . . . Capra ibex, L. 



* The first of these, now not found at a lower level than 

 3000 feet above the sea in the Alps, has been discovered 

 by Dr. Forsyth Major at Levrange in Lombardy. 1 The 

 second, now haunting the higher Alps, Pyrenees, and 

 Carpathians, in the Pleistocene ranged from the shores 

 of the Mediterranean (Mentone) as far north as Belgium 

 (Trou de Magrite, Dupont). The third, the chamois of 

 the Alps, the izard of the Pyrenees, the steinbock of the 

 Carpathians and the Caucasus, lived on the banks of the 

 Meuse, the region drained by the Loire, and in Suabia ; 

 while the fourth, the bouquetin or ibex of the Alps, 

 Carpathians, and Sierra Nevada in Spain, was found 

 alike in Gibraltar (Busk), southern and central France 

 (Mentone, Auvergne), Belgium, and Suabia (Fraas). 

 The last species is probably identical with the Capra 

 beden of Crete, of the Cyclades, of Syria, and of north- 

 eastern Africa, as well as with the C. Sibirica of the Altai 

 and Thibet, all of which appear to be varieties brought 

 about by insulation of the breeds from each other. 



In the Pleistocene age the ibex ranged from the border 

 of the Mediterranean northwards over Spain, France, and 

 Germany ; and it would have free access to North Africa, 

 the sea bottom in the Straits of Gibraltar then being a 

 valley lifted up above the level of the sea (see Map, Fig. 

 24), as well as to Crete and the Cyclades, which were then 



1 Atti Soc. Tosc. Sc. Nat., Nov. 1876. 



