CHAP, v.] INCOMING SPECIES NOW IN HOT CLIMATES. 103 



Gaffer cat . . . F. ca/er Desm. = F. caligajta Tern. 



Spotted hyaena . . Hycena crocata, Zimm, var. spelcea. 



Striped hyaena . . H. striata, Ziinm. 



African elephant . . Eleplias africanus, Blum. 



The porcupine of northern Africa and the warmer 

 European districts of the Mediterranean, as well as of 

 Asia Minor, lived in the Pleistocene age as far north as 

 the banks of the Meuse. 1 The leopard or panther, com- 

 mon to Africa and the warmer regions of middle and 

 northern Asia, also ranged through Europe as far to the 

 north-west as the Mendip Hills (see Fig. 24). The dis- 

 covery of its remains in the caves of Gibraltar, France, 

 and Germany, proves that in the Pleistocene age it 

 passed over into Spain, France, and Saxony, just as 

 those in the Mendip caves show that it passed north- 

 wards over the area of the Channel, to prey upon the 

 reindeer, bisons, and horses of Somersetshire. 2 It was 

 very rare as compared with the other carnivores of the 

 period lions, bears, and hyaenas and it was associated 

 in its wanderings with the feline now found throughout 

 Africa the Gaffer cat. 3 The lynx of northern Africa, 

 Spain, Sardinia, Sicily, and the Levant, has been dis- 

 covered in the caves of Gibraltar. The lion, now found 

 only in the warm climates of Africa and southern Asia, 

 hunted its prey as far north as Yorkshire (Kirkdale), and 

 as far to the north-east as the frontiers of Poland. The 

 spotted hyaena now lives only in Africa, south of the 

 Sahara Desert : then it abounded in Spain, France, 

 Germany, and in Britain, as far north as the vale of 



1 Schmerling, Recherches sur les Oss.-Foss., decouverts dans les Cavernes de 

 la Province de Liege, 4to, 1833-34. 



2 Dawkins and Sanford, British Pleistocene Mammalia. Palceont. Soc., 

 1871. PartlV. 3 Op. cit. Part III. 



