CHAP, v.] EVIDENCE AS TO EUROPEAN GEOGRAPHY. 109 



rhinoceros as far as the Alps and the Pyrenees. A 

 straight -tusked elephant abounded in Italy, and is 

 found through France and Britain as far north as York- 

 shire, being very generally associated with a southern 

 form of rhinoceros, the small-nosed species of Professor 

 Owen. The gigantic Cave-bear (Fig. 23) haunted the 

 caves of Italy, France, and Britain, as well as those of 

 Germany ; while the Irish elk fell a prey to the hyaenas 

 in all these countries, and was found as far to the east as 

 the mountains of the Altai. The pigmy hippopotamus, 

 on the other hand (H. Pentlandi), like the living dwarf 

 species of Africa, has a comparatively restricted range, 

 being found in Sicily, Malta, and Crete, and on the 

 mainland of the Peloponnese at Megalopolis. 



These groups of animals, man being omitted, stand 

 to each other in the following relation : 



Survivals from Pleiocene 



Living species ... 1 



Extinct . t '. . 7 



New Living Species- 

 Temperate . . .34 

 Northern . . .8 

 Of Mountains ... 4 

 Of Hot Countries . . 8 



New Extinct Species . . .15 



Total . .77 



Evidence from Distribution of Animals as to 

 European Geography. 



This remarkable association of animals in Pleistocene 

 Europe, some of which are now only alive in widely 



