CHAP. vii. J THE LOWER RED SAND. 179 



present in every part of the cave, and is at its thinnest 

 in the above figure, its average being three to four feet. 

 From this it may be concluded that while the breccia was 

 being formed by calcareous infiltration in one part of the 

 cavern, the upper part of the cave-earth was being accu- 

 mulated in another, and that therefore, in point of time, 

 the breccia and the upper portion of the cave-earth must 

 be viewed as contemporaneous deposits. 



The cave-earth rested upon a red sand, c, containing 

 clay in its lower parts, underneath which was a light- 

 coloured sand with limestone fragments, d, resting on 

 the rocky floor, and devoid of traces of man or of the 

 wild animals. These ossiferous strata are repeated in 

 the Church Hole Cave in the same order. We shall 

 treat them historically, beginning with the oldest and 

 the lowest. 



The Lower Red Sand. 



The red sand, c, the lowest bone-bearing stratum, 

 contains remains of the same species as those already 

 mentioned from the Pin Hole ; the lion, however, must 

 be added to the list, as well as the wild boar and the 

 brown bear. With few exceptions the animal remains 

 are marked by teeth of the hyaenas, but they were not so 

 closely eaten up as they usually are in hyaena dens, pro- 

 bably because of the abundance of food in the neighbour- 

 hood. Unexpected evidence of the presence of man in 

 the cave at this time is offered by five pebbles of quartz- 

 ite, used for hammers or pot-boilers, and three splinters 

 of the same material, identical with those so numerous 

 in the cave-earth immediately above. /J?hey show that 

 savages of a low order came to the district from time to 

 time, following the chase of the reindeer, bison, mam- 



