190 EARLY MAN IN BRITAIN. [CHAP.VII. 



march was stopped. In every pond their skeletons 

 were to be seen, and in one ravine they lay five deep. 

 Grisly bears, wolves, and foxes abounded in the neigh- 

 bourhood. 1 



Admiral von WrangelP gives a graphic account of the 

 migration of reindeer observed in his journey through 

 the stony Tundra, near the river Baranicha in north- 

 eastern Siberia, "I had hardly finished the observation," 

 he writes, " when my whole attention was called to a 

 highly interesting, and to me a perfectly novel spectacle. 

 Two large migrating bodies of reindeer passed us at no 

 great distance. They were descending the hills from 

 north-west and crossing the plain on their way to the 

 forests, where they spend the winter. Both bodies of 

 deer extended farther than the eye could reach, and 

 formed a compact mass narrowing towards the front. 

 They moved slowly and majestically along, their broad 

 antlers resembling a moving wood of leafless trees. Each 

 body was led by a deer of unusual size, which my guides 

 assured me was always a female. One of the herds was 

 stealthily followed by a wolf, who was apparently watch- 

 ing for an opportunity of seizing any one of the younger 

 and weaker deer which might fall behind the rest ; but 

 on seeing us he made off in another direction. The other 

 column was followed at some distance by a large black 

 bear, who, however, appeared only intent on digging out 

 a mouse's nest every now and then so much so that he 

 took no notice of us." 



1 Times, 31st October 1874. For a further account of bison see J. 

 A. Allen, " History of American Bison," Ninth An. Rep. of U.S. Geolog. and 

 Geograph. Survey of the Territories, 1875. Mem. Mus. Comp.Anat. Harvard 

 Coll. Cambridge, U.S., iv. No. 10. 



2 Narrative of an Expedition to the Polar Sea in 1820-23, translated by 

 Major Sabine. 



