198 EARLY MAN IN BRITAIN. [CHAP. vii. 



tract now covered by the estuary of the Severn and the 

 Irish Sea (Fig. 32). When all these facts are taken into 

 consideration, it is difficult to escape Mr. Pengelly's 

 conclusion that the two sets of implements represent 

 two distinct social states, of which the ruder is by far 

 the more ancient. 1 



The River-drift Men preceded the Cave-men 

 in the Caves of France. 



These two stages of culture have been recently 

 proved by the researches of Dr. M. J. Parrot to be 

 equally represented in Central France. In the Grotte 

 de TEglise at Excideuil (Dordogne) 2 the strata contain- 

 ing the remains of Man were in the following order : 

 1st, At the bottom of the cave a yellow sand contained 

 rough choppers and rude flakes " of jasper," and other 

 simple forms of the same kind as those in the red sand of 

 the Cresswell Caves, and like them unaccompanied by 

 any higher forms. They were associated with the bones 

 of the bear and bison, the former of which, as we have 

 seen in the preceding paragraphs, is characteristic of the 

 lower breccia in Kent's Hole. 2d, Above this was a 

 layer of red earth, with implements of the same sort as 

 those below, and composed of the same material, but 

 accompanied here by a few simply chipped implements 

 of the type of Moustier. At this horizon the reindeer, 

 cave-bear, and horse were discovered. 3d, A layer of 

 black earth underneath a sheet of stalagmite formed the 

 upper layer, in which the implements are of a far higher 

 order : those of flint consisting of flakes, saws, and 



1 Brit. Ass. Rep. 1873, p. 203. 



2 Revue d'Anthropoloyie, T. iii., Nouvelle Note sur la Grotte de 1'Eglise 

 a Excideuil, par Dr. M. J. Parrot. 



