CHAP. vir. RELATION TO THE ESKIMOS. 241 



belong not merely to animals now living in America, 

 such as the elk, reindeer, and the bison, but also to the 

 mammoth and the horse. The western portion of arctic 

 America at this time belonged to the same zoological 

 province as northern and central Europe and Asia, and 

 was not then isolated from those regions by a tract of 

 sea. We may therefore conclude that the man who 

 hunted the mammalia living in Europe at this time is 

 likely to -have hunted them also in Asia and in America. 

 Nor is the probability of his identification with the 

 Eskimos of the present day weakened by the great dis- 

 tance which separates the Palaeolithic caverns of Europe 

 from the arctic regions of North America. The musk 

 sheep, now only found in the country of the Eskimos, 

 has been traced by its fossil remains through Eussia into 

 Germany, and as far to the south-west as the Pyrenees. 

 Its survival in North America is to me a parallel fact to 

 the probable survival of the Cave-men as the modern 

 Eskimos of the same region. 



All these points of connection between the*Cave-men 

 and the Eskimos can, in my opinion, be explained only 

 on the hypothesis that they belong to the same race. 

 To the objection that savage tribes, living under the 

 same conditions, might independently invent the same 

 implements, and that, therefore, the correspondence in 

 question does not necessarily imply a unity of race, the 

 answer may be made, that there are no savage tribes 

 known which use the same set of implements without 

 being connected by blood. The ruder and more common 

 instruments, such as flakes, and in a lesser degree scrapers, 

 are of little value in classification, but where a whole set 

 agrees, intended for various uses, and some of them rising 

 above the most common wants of savage life, the argu- 



