CHAP. VIIL] THE CULTIVATED SEEDS AND FRUITS. 301 



fessor Heer 1 lias shown, there were no less than eight 

 kinds of cereals. 



Small lake-dwelling wheat (Triticum vulgare antiquorum, Heer). 



Egyptian wheat (T. turgidum, L.) 



Two-rowed wheat (T. dicoccum, Schr.) 



One-rowed wheat (T. monococcum, L.) 



Compact six-rowed barley (Hordeum hexastichum densum, Heer). 



Small six-rowed barley (H. sanctum, Heer). 



Common millet (Panicum miliaceum, L.) 



Italian setaria (Setaria Italica, L.) 



Of these the first, peculiar from its small ear and 

 small grain, was the most common : it lasted down to 

 the Eoman conquest of Switzerland, and then became 

 extinct. The Egyptian wheat does not agree exactly 

 with any existing variety, and was rarely grown. The 

 two-rowed kind differs from all known varieties, while 

 the one-rowed is only known in the Neolithic age by the 

 presence of a single ear. The small six-rowed barley is 

 probably the original form from which the common 

 four-rowed barley has descended ; the axes of the ears 

 having become longer by cultivation through many 

 ages, and the spikelets having been pushed farther 

 asunder by the greater development of the grain. 



Several of our most familiar seeds and fruits grew 

 in the Neolithic gardens and orchards. All, however, 

 were smaller than those now under cultivation, as well 

 as nearer to the wild forms from which they descended. 

 They were 



Peas (Pisum sativum, L.) 



Poppies (Papaver somniferum antiquum, Heer). 



Flax (Linum angwtifolium, Hudson). 



1 Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten. Keller, op. cit. p. 518 et seq., gives a 

 valuable abstract of Dr. Beer's treatise. 



