CHAP, ix.] IBERIC AND CELTIC RACES IN SPAIN. 31 7 



Historical Evidence of Iberic and Celtic Races in 

 Spain and Gaul. 



These two races were in possession of Spain during 

 the very earliest times recorded in history, the Iberians 

 occupying the north-western region (see Map, Fig. 112), 

 and the Celts, or Gauls, extending in a broad band 

 south of the Pyrenees along the Mediterranean shore ; 

 according to Ephorus and Eratosthenes, as far as Cadiz 

 or Gadeira (pfypi TaSeipcov), and forming isolated settle- 

 ments also in Portugal. When they are first brought 

 before us, they had already been dwelling side by side 

 long enough to form, by their union, the powerful nation 

 of Celt-lberi of Castile, defining the pure Iberian on the 

 west from the pure Celt on the east. The former pre- 

 dominated over the latter to such an extent as to give 

 their name to the whole peninsula, although they were 

 no longer masters of the district best known to the 

 Phoenicians and ancient Greeks on the side of the 

 Mediterranean. Here the Ligurians are to be counted 

 among the inhabitants, if the statements of Thucydides 

 be true, that they expelled the Sikanoi from the district 

 of the river Sikanos. In the north the Vascones then, 

 as now, held the Basque provinces of Spain. 



The distribution of these two races in Gaul is similar 

 to that which we have noted in Spain. Iberia was 

 believed by the ancient Greeks to have extended before 

 their time beyond the Pyrenees, as far to the north-east 

 as the Eh one ;* and Scyllax remarks incidentally that 

 the Ligurians and mixed Iberians ('I^/oe? ^VaSe?), dwelt 

 on the shores of the Mediterranean, from the mouth of 

 the above river as far as Emporium in Spain. To the 



1 Strabo, iii. 166. 



