CHAP, xiv.] CONCLUSION. 495 



that he lived in Europe in the Pleiocene age, after the 

 land connecting Britain with Greenland had been sub- 

 merged, and the Atlantic was united to the North Sea 

 and the Arctic Ocean, because the living species of 

 mammalia are so few. When the living species became 

 abundant, he appears just in the Pleistocene stage in the 

 evolution of mammalian life in which he might be ex- 

 pected to appear. The Kiver-drift man first comes before 

 us, endowed with all human attributes, and without any 

 signs of a closer alliance with the lower animals than is 

 presented by the savages of to-day ; as a hunter, armed 

 with rude stone implements, living not merely in Britain 

 but throughout western and southern Europe, northern 

 Africa, Asia Minor, and India. Next follows the Cave- 

 man, possessed of better implements, and endowed with 

 the faculty of representing animal forms with extra- 

 ordinary fidelity, living in Europe north of the Alps and 

 Pyrenees as far as Derbyshire, and probably belonging to 

 the same race as the Eskimos. The disappearance of 

 the Cave-man from Britain coincided with the geo- 

 graphical change by which it became an island, the 

 change from a severe to a temperate climate, the extinc- 

 tion of some animals, and the retreat of others to 

 northern and to southern regions. In the Prehistoric 

 age the earliest of the present inhabitants arrived in 

 Britain. The small, dark, non- Aryan peoples, who spread 

 over France and Spain, brought with them into Britain 

 the domestic animals and the cultivated plants and seeds, 

 and laid the foundation of our present culture. The 

 next invaders were the bronze-using Celtic tribes com- 

 posing the van of the Aryan race. They crossed over 

 from the Continent and introduced a higher civilisation 

 than that of the Neolithic age. In the course of time 



