EDUCATION IN FORESTRY. 17 



lumbering, uses and preservation of woods and wood-using industries, and 

 forest protection in its technical aspects, including applied entomology, pa- 

 thology, and engineering. 



The third group, or business, is the one about which most confusion exists, 

 and which is commonly divided between each of the others, some subjects being 

 thrown with economics or demand, others with technique or supply. What 

 constitutes the distinguishing character of this group? The function of a 

 business being to supply demand, it is not limited to the technique of produc- 

 tion. The business factors, distinct from these technical methods, deal with 

 the three factors of quantities, location, and order or sequence that is, the 

 time factor. The basis of this group is mathematics and mechanical drawing. 

 But when we come to the sciences, two sections appear, the one bearing upon 

 economics, the others upon technique or the physical world. The fundamental 

 science in this group belonging to the economic wing is accounting. That 

 belonging to the physical wing is surveying. The one deals with man, the other 

 altogether with the earth. 



With surveying we encounter the classification termed engineering. This 

 subject is commonly and correctly classed, under the term civil engineering, 

 with dynamic engineering, for which it paves the way. But surveying and 

 mapping, though forming this connecting link, belong absolutely in the business 

 group, since they effect np dynamic change in the physical environment, but 

 merely locate and measure areas, one of the three primary functions of 

 business. 



In the forest sciences the same two wings are in evidence. On the economics 

 side is forest finance, which deals mathematically, through accounting methods, 

 with the purely economic factors of forestry; hence is frequently confused 

 with economics, with which it is the connecting link. On the physical side is 

 forest mensuration, which deals mathematically with the living forces of 

 nature, which it attempts to measure and interpret, thus forming the con- 

 necting link with ecology and silviculture. The greatest error in teaching either 

 of these subjects is in viewing them from their purely mathematical aspect 

 and striving to attain mathematical precision in results, when neither human 

 nature nor plant life conforms to mathematical laws. Forest surveying and 

 mensuration are combined under the term forest survey. 



The applied science in this group is forest management, which includes 

 organization and regulation of forests. This is a synthetic subject resting 

 directly upon the three groups, based upon forest policy on the one hand and 

 silviculture on the other, but based equally on the mathematical or business 

 factors of finance and forest survey. It belongs in the business group because 

 it is distinguished from each of the other groups by dealing, characteristically, 

 with the purely business factors of quantity, location, and time, and with the 

 organization and business or office methods by which to insure order and 

 sequence of operations. Forest protection is a phase of forest management. 

 Fire protection depends as much on economics, or public education and laws, 

 and on business, or an efficient personnel well organized, as upon methods 

 of fire prevention and fighting. This synthesis makes the subject difficult. to 

 classify. Lumbering when it treats of the lumber industry has the same three- 

 fold basis and can not be segregated as an engineering or technical subject, 

 though the study of logging methods belongs there. 



By temperament and training men tend to class themselves in one of three 

 groups coordinated with this threefold division of forestry. To the economic 

 group belong some of the great pioneers of forestry like Dr. J. T. Roth rock, of 

 Pennsylvania, and many men prominent in the forestry movement whose work 



