290 PHENOL. 



benzal chloride, (p. 275.) Liquid, that boils at ITS- 

 ISO . 



Amylmethylbenzene, G 12 H 18 = C 6 H 4 j QJjjpi, and amyl- 



dimethylbenzene, C 13 H 20 = C 6 H 3 j ^Q5jjm are prepared 



like amylbenzene. The former boils at 213, the latter 

 at 232-233. 



B. PHENOLS. 



The phenols are the hydroxyl-derivatives of the ben- 

 zene-hydrocarbons. They bear the same relation to 

 the latter as the alcohols to the hydrocarbons of the 

 marsh-gas series. They differ from these alcohols in 

 their conduct towards aqueous solutions of the alkalies, 

 the hydrogen of the hydroxyl groups contained in 

 them being readily replaced by metals. From these 

 bodies so formed, however, even carbonic acid sets the 

 phenol free. The entrance of chlorine, bromine, iodine, 

 or hyponitric acid into the composition of the phenols 

 causes their conversion into stronger acids. 



a. Monatomic Phenols. 



1. Phenol (Phenyl alcohol, Carbolic acid). 

 C 6 H 6 = C 6 H 5 .OH. 



Occurrence and formation. Is contained in castoreum; 

 and sometimes in the urine of graminivorous animals ; 

 in human urine after taking benzene. Is formed by 

 the dry distillation of coal, bones, wood, and a number 

 of resins ; by heating salicylic acid and the acids iso- 

 meric with it ; by heating potassium sulphobenzolate 

 with caustic potassa ; by boiling diazobenzene nitrate 

 with water. 



Preparation. Most practicably from the "dead oil." 

 This is shaken with potassa-ley, the insoluble oil re- 

 moved, and from the alkaline solution, the phenol, 





