422 CAEMINIC ACID. 



body, and sapogenin, C 14 H 22 4 , white crystals, sparingly 

 soluble in water and alcohol. 



17. Caincin (Ca'incic Acid). 

 C 40 H 64 18 . 



In the root of Chiocca racemosa. Fine, colorless 

 prisms; sparingly soluble in cold water, easily soluble 

 in alcohol. Is resolved by hydrochloric acid gas into an 

 uncrystalline sugar, and crystalline camcetin, C 22 H 34 3 , 

 which, treated with fusing potassa, is decomposed into 

 butyric acid and caincigenin, C 14 H 24 2 . 



18. Quinovin. 

 C 30 H 48 8 . 



In cinchona-bark, particularly in a false bark, China 

 nova. White, amorphous substance; insoluble in 

 water. When hydrochloric acid gas is conducted into 

 its alcoholic solution, and when it is treated with 

 sodium-amalgam, it is decomposed into a sugar, very 

 similar to mannitan (p. 189), perhaps identical with it, 

 and quinovic acid, C 24 H 38 4 , which separates as a white, 

 crystalline powder. 



19. Pinipicrin. 



Q22JJ36QH. 



In the bark and needles of Pinus sylvestris ; in the 

 green portions of Thuja occidentalis. Yellow, amor- 

 phous, bitter powder, soluble in water and alcohol. Is 

 decomposed by heating with sulphuric acid into sugar 

 and ericinol, C 10 H 16 0. 



20. Carminic Acid. 



C 17 H 18 10 . 



In the blossoms of Monarda didyma, and probably 

 also in other plants. Most particularly, however, in 

 cochineal (the female of the insect Coccus cacti), from 

 which it is obtained by boiling with water, precipitating 

 with lead acetate, and decomposing the lead precipitate 



