THE STRAWBERRY JANUARY 1907 



eased leaves when setting out the plants. 



A thorough spraying with Bordeaux 

 mixture (4-4-50) or ammoniacal solution 

 of copper carbonate (three ounces to 

 twenty gallons of water) just before the 

 blossoms open and another after the fruit 

 is harvested will effectually protect the 

 plants. Newly set plants should have 

 three or four applications the first season 

 after they are set out. 



If spraying is neglected the best scheme 

 is to burn o\er the field after harvesting, 

 a process which will be explained later. 



Some varieties show a greater degree of 

 resistance than others. These should be 

 given the preference when setting out 

 new beds. 



By resetting the beds every year on 

 well-drained, deep land the blight effec- 

 tually may be controlled. 



This leaf-spot is not the only one 

 which attacks the strawberry, but will 

 serve as an illustration for all. Most of 

 the others, such as Phyllostica Fragaricola, 

 Scploria Acieulosa, Ascochyta Fragaria, 

 etc., have practically the same character- 

 istics, appearing identical to the naked 

 eye. They are not nearly as common, 

 however, and all yield to the same treat- 

 ment. 



The Powdery Mildew (Spha-rotheca 

 Castagnei) occurs during periods of damp, 

 cloudy weather. It attacks the leaves, 

 stems, green and ripe fruit. The leaves 

 curl as if suffering from lack of water, 

 and the fruit has a disagreeable, musty 

 taste. At times it causes a complete loss 

 of the crop. 



The disease easily is recognized by its 

 white, cobwebby, powdery appearance on 

 the upper surfaces of the leaves. Ihe 

 powdery appearance is imparted by num- 

 berless spores which are freely given off 

 in July and August. Later in the season 

 the same mycelium (threads) produce the 

 black spore which survives the winter. It 

 is this fungus commonly seen on dande- 

 lions and hops. 



Remedies: If it is not noticed until the 

 ripe fruit is attacked it is too late to check 

 it. An early application of Bordeaux 

 mixture or any spray containing a copper 

 fungicide will keep it down. If spraying 

 is made a regular part of the routine 

 work, as it should be, there need be no 

 fear of mildew. 



Sulphide of potassium, one-fourth ounce 

 to one gallon of water, is helpful. 



Some varieties are more susceptible 

 than others, and these should be left out 

 of the planting list. 



Other fungous diseases are the blight, 

 a MicrococHs, which has done some dam- 

 age in Massachusetts, and a leaf-spot, an 

 Aposphoeria, which has been recorded in 

 New Jersey. These are merely of local 

 interest, however. 



Fungous diseases are really minute 

 parasitic plants of a very low order, pos- 

 sessing no chloropyl, (green coloring mat- 

 ter) and propagating (usually) by single- 

 celled spores, corresponding to the seeds 



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in higher plants. The spores are con- 

 veyed by currents of air, water, moving, 

 objects, by birds and insects, and in a 

 multitude of ways, to the leaves, or the 

 part of the plant they infest. Here they 

 germinate in any moisture that may be 

 present and send out long filaments (the 

 mycelium) through which they gain their 

 food. Most of them form two kinds of 

 spores, one which multiplies the fungus 

 during the summer, and another which is 

 formed in the fall and continues the dis- 

 ease over to another season. 



As most of the fungi gain their subsis- 

 tence from the inside of the leaf, it is a 

 great deal easier to prevent a disease than 

 to cure it. For this reason a good coating 

 of Bordeaux mi.xture kept on the leaves 

 is cheaper in the end than to let the vines 

 go until badly diseased, when they must 

 be pulled up, burned or plowed under. 



It will be seen that two methods of 

 procedure are generally advised in com- 

 bating the strawberry diseases. One is 

 thorough spraying, as a preventive, to 

 which Paris green or Disparene may be 

 added to give it an insecticidal value. 

 The other is burning. After the fruit is 

 harvested the tops are mowed and left to 

 dry for a few days, when they are ignited 

 and the whole field is burnt over. A 

 little straw on the bare places will facili- 

 tate matters. Not only will this burning 

 kill the spores, but it will destroy a large 

 number of injurious insects. It must be 

 borne in mind that spraying gives imme- 



Page 13 



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