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an army into Macedonia, and thus divide their force and distract 

 their councils. This judicious advice was over-ruled by the selfish 

 policy of the governors of the maritime provinces, who, unwilling 

 to have their satrapies desolated and their property destroyed, im- 

 puted these sound maxims in the science of war to latent treachery 

 in Memnon. 



The Persians, thus advantageously posted, and lining the whole 

 shore to a great extent, conceived that every attempt to dislodge 

 them must be fruitless, and looked down with dismay on the ap- 

 proaching army of the Macedonians. On the arrival of the latter, 

 notwithstanding the great superiority of the enemy in numbers 

 and their strong position ; notwithstanding the fatigue of a long 

 march which his troops had just undergone, and the urgent de- 

 sire of Parmenio that he would defer the attack till the following 

 morning ; Alexander, disdaining to be stopped by a brook, as he 

 termed the Granicus, after having passed an ocean, finding a place 

 where the stream was fordable, commanded the trumpets to sound, 

 and a considerable body of his light-horse to advance into the 

 river, himself following at the head of the right wing, which 

 consisted wholly of Thessalian cavalry, to give them support and 

 animate them to the attack. The Persian horse, posted on the 

 heights above, poured down upon them, as they forded the river, 

 a shower of arrows, which killed and wounded many of the horses ; 

 and, as the Macedonians successively endeavoured to ascend the 

 steep banks, pushed them back into the stream with their long spears. 

 The place most favourable for effecting a landing was, in particular, 

 guarded by a strong and select band of Persian cavalry, at the 

 head of whom fought Memnon, the Rhodian, with his sons, and the 

 most valiant of the Persian officers. These brave men made dreadful 

 havoc of the assailing enemy, so that all that fought in the first 

 ranks were slain, except a. few who retreated to the stronger body 



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