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retreated, setting fire to the whole country on his flight, that it 

 might not afford forage and provisions to the invaders. Alexander 

 now continued his progress towards Babylon, but not by the direct 

 road, probably because that route was desolated by Mazaeus ; he, 

 therefore, continued his march to the Tigris by a more circuitous, 

 but, at the same time, less sterile, tract, keeping, says Arrian, the 

 Euphrates and the Armenian mountains on his left hand*. Darius, 

 in the mean time, had collected from all the distant provinces of 

 his empire an army at least double in number to that which he had 

 commanded at Issus, and had encamped at the village of Gauga- 

 mela, near Arbela, where a wide champaign country afforded ample 

 room for his innumerable forces to act without that obstruction and 

 confusion which were the necessary consequence of the former 

 engagement in the narrow streights of Cilicia. Of those forces, and 

 of their respective commanders, there is, in Arrian, a minute and 

 circumstantial account, as well as the provinces whence they were 

 drawn, among which it is only necessary for us to notice the 

 INDIANS adjacent to Bactria, which are mentioned first in this 

 muster-roll, and, added to the Arechosian troops, the INDIAN 

 mountaineers, with a train of elephants from the districts beyond the 

 Indus : a convincing proof that the Indians continued in that tri- 

 butary dependence upon Persia, which we have all long contended 

 they did, from their conquest by Hystaspes-f-. 



On hearing that the Macedonian army were approaching the 

 Tigris, Darius dispatched Mazseus, at the head of a considerable 

 body of chosen horse, to give every obstruction possible to his 

 passage of that river; but this precaution was ineffectual, for, before 

 their arrival, Alexander had completed the passage, although with, 

 the utmost difficulty, from its extreme rapidity. 



* Arrian, lib. iii. cap. 7j 8. f Ibid. 



