206 Prof. H. James-Clark on the Spongie ciliate 
with Rhizopods, and I will therefore only state here my firm 
conviction that the true ciliated Spongie are not Rhizopoda in 
any sense whatever, nor even closely related to them, but are 
genuine, compound flagellate Protozoa, and are most intimately 
allied to such genera as Monas (§§1, 2), Bicosawca (§§ 3, 4), 
Codoneca (§ 5), Codosiga (§ 6), and Salpingaca (§§ 7, 8, 9). 
What are the special relationships of the numerous genera of 
Sponges I am not prepared to say ; yet, in regard to Leucoso- 
lenia botryoides, there can be no doubt that it is very closely 
allied to Codosiga and Salpingeca; but to which one more than 
to the other would be difficult to determine. Codosiga (§ 6) 
is a compound form like Leucosolenia, and its individuals are 
united by a common branching support, which has been shown, 
by the changes which it passed through during fissigemmation, 
to be as fully alive as the glairy, spicule-secreting cytoblastema 
of the Sponge. Salpingeca (§§ 7, 8,9), on the other hand, is 
a single monad, but excretes around it an envelope, or calya, 
into which the body is sunken in the same way that the mo- 
nads (fig. 41, md) of the Sponge are imbedded in the surface 
of their common dormitory. Inasmuch, however, as the calyx 
is probably an excretion rather than a secretion, and appears as 
inanimate as that of Cothurnia, Vaginicola, and other Vorti- 
cellide, it is more comparable to the spicula (sp) than to the 
cytoblastema of Sponges. If one may draw an inference from 
the above considerations, it does not seem at all improbable 
that hereafter we shall find that the monads of the different 
genera of Sponges resemble the various genera of single and 
branching Flagellata; and then we shall be able to divide the 
former into such family groups as Monadoide, Bicoscecoidee, 
Codosigoide, Anthophysoide, &c. Ke. 
Leucosolenia botryoides, Bowerbank, occurs on our sea-shore 
among the groups of Dynamena, Sertularia, &c., and may be 
readily recognized by its ivory-white colour. The pi 
is an elongate mass, seldom exceeds an inch or an inc 
and a half in length, and resembles an irregular group 
of slender contorted spines or forked horns (fig. 40), which 
vary in thickness from one-thirtieth to one-sixteenth of an 
inch in diameter. At the tip of each horn.is an aperture, the 
so-called excurrent orifice, large enough to be seen by the un- 
assisted eye. ‘The whole mass is so transparent that not only 
the currents in the interior, but even the vibrating flagella and 
the pulsation of the contractile vesicles, may be seen with a 
strong light. The exterior consists of an excessively hyaline, 
eytoblastaieiens layer, with scarcely, if any, trace of organiza- 
tion of a cell-like character in it.. Within this layer, or im- 
mediately beneath it, but certainly not in the monadigerous 
