458 Zoological Society : — 



collar of orange-brown ; back black, varied with white and orange- 

 brown ; scapulars and upper tail-coverts orange-brown ; wing-coverts 

 black, tipped with white ; beneath the body white, but with the 

 breast and sides of abdomen more or less streaked with narrow 

 stripes of black along the shaft of each feather ; each side of the 

 breast with a patch of pale rusty colour. Upper mandible black, 

 lower one yellow ; feet pale horn-colour. 



Length 4" 6'" ; wings 2" 4'". 



This bird differs from the typical and only hitherto known species 

 Smithornis capensis (Smith) in being of a smaller size, and in pos- 

 sessing a greater variety of colours. 



The British Museum possesses, through Mr. Gould, a single spe- 

 cimen of S. rufolateralis, which was stated to have been brought 

 from West Africa ; but the exact locality is unknown. 



On a Poison-organ in a Genus of Batrachoid Fishes. 

 By Dr. Albert Gunther. 



Many fishes are known which, provided with long, bony,, and 

 sometimes serrated spines, are justly feared on account of the 

 dangerous wounds they inflict. The Sting- Rays, many Siluroids, and 

 some scaly fishes, like the Weevers, are thus armed. Although the 

 efifects ascribed to such wounds have doubtless been exaggerated in 

 many cases, natives and fishermen, as well as travellers, agree in the 

 belief that some poison must be communicated. However, with the 

 exception of i^ single instance, viz. that of the Weevers*, compara- 

 tive anatomists have never pointed out a trace of an organ secreting 

 or conducting a poisonous substance ; and consequently the poisonous 

 nature of the wound has been doubted, the worst cases being ex- 

 plained by the mechanical effect of a serrated spine, by the influence 

 of the climate, or by the peculiarity of the constitution. Thus in 

 all the hand-books of comparative anatomy the presence of a poison- 

 organ in the class of fishes is denied, and even Bleekerf (than whom 

 no naturalist has had better opportunities of observing such fishes 

 during life) expressly says that they were unjustly reputed poisonous. 



* Dr. J. E. Gray has directed my attention to a paper by Mr. Byerley, con- 

 tained in the Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, 

 No. 5, 1849, p. 156. In this paper Mr. Byerley demonstrates, in the most 

 convincing manner, that the double-grooved opercular and dorsal spines of the 

 Weevers are poison-organs. Although the structui'c of the spines, with their 

 external grooves, were known to previous writers, it is Mr. Byerley's merit to have 

 shown the presence of a cavity within the substance of the spines which is the 

 proper depository of the poison before its ejection. But, at present, I cannot 

 agree with him that the body found in the cavity and in the groove is a gland ; 

 it appears to me that what he considered to be a gland was the poisonous fluid 

 itself, coagulated and hardened by the action of the spirits in which the speci- 

 mens had been immersed in order to render " the gland more opaque and denser." 

 I formed this opinion from examinations of specimens of Tracldnus draco 

 as well as of T. vipera, which, however, had been in spirits for a considerable 

 period. Nevertheless there is no doubt that the poison-apparatus of Trachinus 

 is homologous with that of Thalassophryne^ only in the latter it is developed to 

 as great a perfection as in the fang of a viper. 



t Atl. Tchthyol. Silur. p. 21. 



