1882.] 



MICROSCOPICAL JOURNAL. 



203 



do not. But a strange revelation is 

 the relation which these green algse 

 and other yellow algse sustain to the 

 animals in which they live. When 

 they are absent the host animal must 

 live like other animals, but when they 

 are present they can prepare food for 

 their host out of inorganic material 

 and the animal can live with the sur- 

 roundings of a plant. This partner- 

 ship arrangement between animals 

 and plants upon the lowest confines of 

 the two kingdoms may not seem un- 

 likely now that it is suggested, and 

 reminds one of the sentence in Dr. 

 Gray's Dariviniana, which says that 

 '' there is a limbo filled with organisms 

 which never rise high enough in the 

 scale to be manifestly either animal 

 or plant, unless it may be said of 

 some of them that they are each in 

 turn, and neither long." Chlorophyll 

 thus holds the same relation to the 

 bodies of animals which it inhabits 

 as it does to plants, and although in 

 the two cases it is morphologically 

 distinct, it is physiologically the 

 same." 



Remarks of Dr. W. B. Carpen- 

 ter, made at the Dinner of 

 the New York Micro- 

 scopical Society. 



I am, perhaps, the only working 

 microscopist now surviving, who re- 

 members that first development of 

 the achromatic microscope in Lon- 

 don, which took place quite indepen- 

 dently of what had been attempted 

 by Prof. Amici, in Italy, some time 

 previously, and of what was then 

 being done by MM. Selligues and 

 Chevalier in Paris. A relative of 

 mine who had been in business 

 as a manufacturing optician in 

 Birmingham (where he brought out 

 the kaleidoscope for Sir David Brew- 

 ster), having removed to the Metro- 

 polis, had there become acquainted 

 with Dr. Goring, — a gentleman of 

 considerable scientific attainments 

 and of independent fortune, who was 

 very desirous of promoting the im- 



provement of the microscope by the 

 application of the principal of achro- 

 matism to the construction of micro- 

 scope objectives. In ignorance of 

 the unsuccessful attempt of Prof. 

 Amici (who was then turning his at- 

 tention to the reflecting construction, 

 as likely to yield better results), and 

 of the contemporaneous labors of 

 Paris opticians. Dr. Goring arranged 

 with Mr. Tulley, who at that time 

 ranked as the best constructor of 

 telescope object-glasses in London, to 

 attempt the construction of a micro- 

 scope objective ; and, working upon 

 his previous lines, Mr. Tulley, at last, 

 succeeded in producing a " telescopic 

 triplet " of about an inch focus, which 

 was immeasurably superior in its per- 

 formance to the single lenses used as 

 objectives up to that time. I very 

 well remember hearing, some 55 

 years ago, that when Dr. Goring 

 asked Mr. Tulley what he was to pay 

 him for this glass, Mr. Tulley replied 

 that he could not consider that the 

 time and labor he had expended in 

 its production, would be fairly re- 

 munerated at less than 50 guineas, — 

 which Dr. Goring willingly paid him. 

 Encouraged by this success, Mr, 

 Tulley made a second " telescopic 

 triplet " of shorter focus than the 

 first ; and this, when superimposed 

 upon the first, raised its power to 

 about a half-inch, with a consider- 

 able increase of angular aperture. 

 I saw this combination tried, about 

 the year 1830, in a solar microscope, 

 upon the eye of a fly (which had been 

 previously exhibited with a single 

 lens) ; and was struck with the excel- 

 lence of its definition over the entire 

 field, the absence of the broad color- 

 ed fringes which the non-achroma- 

 tized lens everywhere showed, es- 

 pecially t(Jwards the edge of the im- 

 age, and the vastly superior bright- 

 ness of the picture. I believe that it 

 was with this combination that Dr. 

 Goring first saw the striae on the 

 scale of the Menelaus, and the dots 

 on the "battle-dore " scales of the 

 Lyccena argus, which became the first 



