XX ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS. 



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Chapter VIII. Formulas of the Law of Evolution. 212 



§ I. Evolutionism asserts that the course of the 

 world conforms to the conception of a process. But a 

 process of what ? § 2. Mr. Spencer's formula — true as 

 far as it goes, but inadequate. § 3. Von Hartmann's 

 formula : not applicable to the inorganic. § 4. The 

 perfection of the societies of the ants and bees. But, 

 § 5, it is attained by the sacrifice of the individual and of 

 the possibility of progress. § 6. This suggests that real 

 progress concurrently develops the individual and the 

 social medium. § 7. Shown in actual society, in the 

 division of labour, § 8, in the growth of knowledge and 

 science, § 9, in military strength, § 10, in social inter- 

 course, and § II, may be traced also in the earlier 

 stages of human evolution. § 12. Apparent exceptions. 

 Caste States have higher social structure, but repress 

 individuality. Greece sacrificed the family to the State, 

 but could not control the individual. Rome secured 

 the self-subordination of the individuals, but made them 

 too mediocre to find any one who could adapt the 

 Roman training to a universal empire. § 13. Among 

 animals both individuality and sociality are at a lower 

 stage. § 14. In plants and the lowest animals individu- 

 ality becomes too faint to be any longer distinguished 

 from the social medium. Perhaps dependence on it 

 has here become a physical bond, as, § 15, is certainly 

 the case in inorganic nature, where physical combination 

 is the analogue of society and individuality is evanes- 

 cent. § t6. In the evolution of chemical substances, 

 the most complex came last, though before life. But 

 even in the elements there are signs of individual differ- 

 ences. §17. The /r^f^j-;;//V condition of atoms before 

 combination began. § 18. But can this formula of Evo- 

 lution also supply an ideal? Yes, for as yet neither 

 society nor individuals are perfect. Evidence that we 

 are imperfectly individualized. Hence, § 19, the ideal ot 

 perfect individuals in a perfect society is the ideal of 

 Heaven. § 20. The advantages of this formula. 



