230 FORMULAS OF THE LAW OF EVOLUTION. 



ations have decayed, and that backward races, who 

 have not been too conceited to modify the tra- 

 ditional methods that did good service in the past, 

 have outstripped the leaders of civilization who had 

 handicapped themselves by their previous successes. 

 And so we may say that the keenness of the 

 struggle for existence between European nations at 

 present is the best guarantee of progress, the best 

 security that no physical, intellectual, or moral ele- 

 ment of success will be neglected. 



§ 13. When from the earlier stages of human 

 development we pass to the higher stages of animal 

 development, we find that among animals, if we 

 except the case of the social animals already con- 

 sidered, both individuality and sociality have been 

 little developed. The chief exceptions to this state- 

 ment are to be found amone domesticated animals. 

 Dogs, e.g:, have very distinctly marked individual 

 characters, so much so that we may be tempted to 

 rank their individuality above that of many savages. 

 But what is the reason of this development of indi- 

 vidual character ? What but the nature of the 

 social medium in which their domestication places 

 them ? They are the slaves of man, but their 

 slavery to superior beings raises them above the 

 level they could have reached unaided, and develops 

 their souls to a degree not justified by their position 

 in the hierarchy of existence. 



But though in general the development both of 

 individuality and of sociality is slight, neither of 

 them disappears entirely among the animals sexu- 

 ally reproduced. There must always be among 

 them at least that amount of social connection 

 which is implied in the relation of male and femal< 

 and of parents and offspring. 



