MOVING THE DASHER. 311 



In many dairies, for instance, they have a lever con- 

 nected with the dasher; in other places they use a 

 flexible pole, fixed into the ceiling above, for facilitat- 

 ing the motion of the dasher, or put a lever in motion 

 with the feet, which raises and sinks the dasher. There 

 are also complicated artificial butter-machines and 

 butter-mills, which are named after the inventor, the 

 manufacturer, or the motive power. The most known 

 and widely used are the turning-mills, the wheel-mills, 

 and the clock-work mills ; as the Hand Butter-Mill of 

 Valk, Fiirst's churn, etc. 



There are also still more elaborate machine-works 

 for moving the dasher, which are used in the larger 

 dairies on account of their convenience and economy. 

 Dog-power and horse-power churns are frequently met 

 with. 



CHURNING IN THE COMMON CHURN. The use of this 

 is well known. The dasher is moved up and down by 

 hand, with the churn full of cream, till the butter 

 particles are separated and collected together. The 

 operator keeps his body in equilibrium, to exercise the 

 power cf moving the dasher regularly for agitating the 

 cream. 



THE LEVER CHURN is very commonly used in South 

 Holland, Fig. 101. The churn itself is barrel-form, 

 as already described, and the dasher is put in motion 

 by a lever. The upper end is pierced with holes, 

 through which runs an iron pin. In a beam of the 

 ceiling two joists are firmly fixed, about a foot and 

 five inches long and four inches square, and several 

 inches apart. The longer arm of the lever is four 

 feet and seven inches ; the shorter, three feet and six 

 inches. The churn stands under the short arm of the 

 lever, where the dasher is fixed. By drawing the 

 longer arm of the lever towards him, the operator 



