200 



MILK AND ITS HYGIENIC RELATIONS 



Anglesea 

 Guildford 



Finchley 

 Glasgow 



1897 

 1903 



1904 

 1904 



Colchester 



1905 



Finchley | 1894 Three cows whose milk had been mixed with the 

 general supply showed ulcerated teats and one 

 had a chronic abscess of the udder. 



Streptococci found in the milk of one cow of the 

 dairy concerned. 



Streptococci found in the milk of a variety which 

 was virulent to mice. It seemed doubtful 

 whether the farmer or the cows on the farm had 

 first shown symptoms of trouble, but the epide- 

 mic appears to have been transmitted to the milk. 



Streptococcal outbreak attributed by Prof. Ken- 

 wood to two cows in unsatisfactory condition of 

 health. 



An epidemic of mild tonsillitis believed to be due 

 to an eruption of the teat of a new cow introduced 

 into the herd which had spread to other cows. 

 The hands of four out of eight of the milkers 

 became affected with similar eruptions. The 

 epidemic stopped when the milk from this farm 

 was sterilised before use. 



An epidemic of at least 600 cases. This epidemic 

 was traced to infection from one cow which had 

 mastitis. The milk from this cow, which was 

 known to be sick, had been added to the common 

 milk supply for some time. Cessation of the 

 epidemic corresponded with the exclusion of the 

 milk from this cow. 



Epidemic of diphtheria. Several cows were found 

 with pustules which had practically dried upon 

 the teats. The Klebs-Loeffler bacillus was not 

 found in the pustules. It was suggested that 

 the pustules had been cow-pox. 



At least 504 cases of sore throat occurred. The 

 cause was traced to a cow with a diseased udder 

 giving milk containing streptococci which were 

 pathogenic to mice. 



A similar survey of the epidemics in America has been prepared 

 by Trask, and should be consulted for further information. 



Serious epidemics of sore throats due to streptococci in the 

 milk occurred in America in the year 1911-12. 



Hamburger describes an epidemic in Baltimore. The milk 

 concerned in the production of the epidemic all came from one 

 dairy which collected milk from many farms. The milk had been 

 pasteurised at the dairy by the flash method, i.e. just raised to 

 160 F. Subsequently it was held at a temperature of 145 F. for 

 from twenty minutes to half an hour. When the dairy raised the 

 temperature of the pasteurisation and the customers were advised 

 to boil the milk, the epidemic subsided, although a few stray cases 

 occurred, apparently by infection from one person to another. 

 Investigation showed that in the few days preceding the outbreak 

 of the epidemic pasteurisation had been omitted. 



Leith 



1904 



Christiania 1908 



