22 MILK 



which had perforated disks fastened at the ends were moved vio- 

 lently up and down. Such primitive churns were still employed 

 in the nineteenth century, and probably can be found in use at 

 the present time. In earlier periods the vessels were made of 

 earthenware, but later wood was substituted. Mechanical means 

 for increasing power were devised centuries ago. Levers were 

 attached and worked by foot power. Dogs in treadmills and 

 horses pulling large horizontal overhead wheels furnished power for 

 larger dairies (Figs. 3-6). Gradually the modern forms of churns 

 were evolved, among which the barrel churn is probably the 

 most common. In this country the earliest patent on a churn was 

 issued in 1848. The North American box churn has also been 

 popular. Both the barrel and box churns are turned by handles, 



[Fig. 3. Wooden hand churn (Benno Martiny). 



or, if they are stationary, the churning is accomplished by turning 

 an internal stirring device. In modern times large creameries 

 have steam or gasoline power, and churns which combine the 

 making and working of butter are manufactured. Metal has taken 

 the place of wood. 



The dairy industry in England was highly developed toward 

 the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth 

 centuries. Benno Martiny considers England the leading dairy 

 country during this period. In his book, "Vor Hunderd Jahren," 

 he gives an account of dairy conditions in England which reveals 

 many interesting features. It seems that at that time there were 

 a number of agricultural societies in existence whose object it was 

 to promote the farmer's interests, including dairy practices. A 

 number of publications are mentioned in Martiny's book which 



