THALAMIFLOR^J. 195 



Bixacese, Violaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Geraniaceae, Rhamnaceae, Sapindaceae, 

 Terebinthacese, Kosacea3, Hamamelidaceae, Balsaniinorae, Haloragaceae, 

 Gunneraceae, Callitrichaceoe, Rhizophoraceae, Combretaceae, Lythraceae, 

 Onagraceae, Samydaceae, Loasaceae, Daliscaceae, Ficoideae, Tetragoniaceae, 

 Cornaceae, and Garryaceae. 



Plants with connate petals occur in the following usually polypetalous 

 orders : Anonaceae, Pittosporaceae, Polygalaceaa, Portulacaceae, Tamaris- 

 caceae, Termstroemiaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Humiriaceae, Diosmeae, Bal- 

 saminaceae, Meliaceas, Stackhousiaceae, Droseraceae, Bruniaceae, Napo- 

 leoneae, Melastomaceae, Turneraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Cactaceae, etc. 



Series I. THALAMIFLOE^E. 



Calyx, corolla, and stamens usually free and springing directly 

 from the thalamus, or from the outside of an hypogynous disk. 



Exceptions. The following are noted by Hooker. Connate sepals occur 

 in a few orders. The calyx is adnate to the ovary, or to a fleshy thalamus 

 in Pceonia (Ranunculaceae), Calycanthaceee, some Anonaceas, Nymphae- 

 aceae, Portulacaceae, Capparidaceae, Bixaceae, Polygalaceae, Ternstroe- 

 nriaceae, Vochysiaceae, Tiliaceaa, and Dipterocarpaceae. The stamens are 

 perigynous in some Dilleniaceae, Papaveraceae, Capparidaceae, Morin- 

 gaceae, Resedaceae, Violaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Portulacaceae, Malvaceae, 

 and Sterculiacese. 



ORDER RANUN CUL ACE^. THE CROWFOOT ORDER. 



Cohort. Ranales, Sentli. et Hook. 



Diagnosis. Herbs, or climbing shrubs, with a colourless acrid 

 juice ; leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or deeply divided ; 

 leaf- stalks often sheathing at the base ; flowers regular or irregular, 



Fig. 340. Fig. 341. 



'Fig. 339. 



Fig. 339. Achene of Ranunculus, cut vertically to show the seed, with an embryo at the base 



of perisperm. 



Fig. 340. Flower of Aconite, side view, showing the irregular petaloid calyx. 

 Fig. 341. The same, with the sepals removed, showing the singularly iormed petals and 



the numerous hypogynous stamens. 



polypetalous or occasionally apetalous, with the calyx petaloid ; the 

 sepals, petals, and numerous stamens all distinct and hypogynous; 



