COROLLIFLOR^. 



291 



tubular or ligulate, and female or neuter. 2. LABIATIFLOR.E. 

 Florets with bilabiate corollas, perfect or unisexual. 3. LIGULI- 

 FLORJE. Florets all ligulate and perfect ; juice milky. 



Fig. 400. 



Fig. 402. 



Fig. 401. 



Figs. 400-402. Fruits of Compositae surmounted by the pappus. In fig. 400 the calyx-tube is 

 elongated above the fruit in the shape of a "beak." (Fig- 40 ^> vertical sec- 

 tion, showing the erect seed.) 



ILLUSTRATIVE GENERA. 



By Benth ( am the Composites are divided into thirteeen tribes : 

 I. Vernoniese. II. Eupatoriese. III. Asteroideae. IV. Inuloidese. V. 

 Ileliantlioideas. VI. Helenioidese. VII. Anthemideae. VIII. Senecio- 

 nideae. IX. Calenduleaa. X. Arctotidese. XI. Cynaroidea?. XII. 

 Mutisiacere. XIII. Cichoracese. 



These tribes are founded upon the imi- or bisexual character of the 

 florets in each head, the form of the florets (tubular, ligulate, &c.), the form 

 of the anthers and of the projections from their base and apex respectively, 

 the form of the style and stigmas, the nature of the pappus, &c. The fol- 

 lowing- genera may be taken as representatives of the above tribes : 



I. Vernonia. II. Eupatorium. III. Aster. IV. Inula. V. Helian- 

 thus. VI. Tac/etes. VII. Anthemis. VIII. Scnecio. IX. Calendula. 

 X. Arctotis. XL Carduus. XII. Mutisia. XIII. Taraxacum. 



Affinities, &c. This Order, which is the most numerous, and, by some 

 authors, regarded as the most perfect in the Vegetable Kingdom, is like- 

 wise very natural, its distinguishing features being very evident in almost 

 every genus. From its nearest allies, Dipsaceae and Calyceraceae, it may 

 be distinguished by the condition of the anthers and the ovule. The 

 syngenesious condition, and, in some measure, the general structure of the 

 florets, ligulate and tubular, indicate a near relation also to Lobeliacese 

 and Campanulaceae, wherein, however, the flowers are not only large and 

 scattered, but the ovaries have more than one cell, with many seeds in 

 each cell. ^_^ _ ^_^ 



The floraHormula is | S5? P5 A 5 G2, but the nature of the calyx 

 and pappus is undetermined. Two different views are held as to the 

 nature of the pappus. Some (as Lund, Treub, Bucheuau) look on it as 

 truly a modified calyx : Warming considers it in the light of trichomes 

 or hairs having no definite position or order. Hofmeister regards the 

 pappus of Composites, Valerianacese, and Dipsaceee as a whorl of leafy 



u2 



