COKOLLIFLOB.-*;. 293 



Some species of Eupatorium, including our native E. cannabiniim, are 

 emetic and purgative ; E. Ayapana (Brazil) has a reputation as a local 

 and internal application for snake-bites. Matico is said to be obtained 

 from E. f/lutinosum, though most of it is the produce of Artantlie donyata, 

 a Piperaceous plant ; its leaves are used as a styptic. 



The seeds of some of the Corymbifercs contain much fixed oil. The 

 seeds of the Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) are well known on this 

 account; and Madia sativa (Chili) has become an object of cultivation in 

 France and Germany for the sake of the oil expressed from its seeds, its 

 " oil-cake " being also valuable for cattle. The esculent tubers called 

 Jerusalem or Girasole Artichokes are furnished by Helianthm tuberosus ; 

 the analogous tubers of the Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis) are not available in 

 this way on account of a strong and unpleasant flavour which exists in 

 them. Tussilago Farfara, or Coltsfoot, which is mucilaginous and bitter, 

 was formerly in repute for affections of the chest. 



The Cynarea, or thistle-like Composite, are equally varied in the 

 concentration of their qualities. The root of Carlina acaulis is said to be 

 a violent purgative, and that of C. gummifera is known as an anthelmintic. 

 The Burdock (Arctium Lappa), the Marigold (Calendula officinalis}, Ori- 

 taurea Calcitrapa, and other allied plants were formerly esteemed as febri- 

 fuges, diuretics, and "alteratives, but have gone out of use. The Costus, 

 celebrated by the ancients for its virtues, is supposed to be the root of 

 Aucklandia costus (Cashmere). Carthamus tinctorius, Safflower, is used 

 in dyeing and in the manufacture of true rouge; the flowers of Calendula 

 officinalis are used to adulterate Saffron. Serratula tinctoria is also used 

 in dyeing yellow and green. The Globe Artichoke is the fleshy receptacle, 

 with its bracts, of Cynara Scolymus ; Cardoons are the blanched stems 

 and petioles of Cynara Cardunculus. 



The Labiatiflora are sometimes aromatic, bitter, or mucilaginous. The 

 leaves of Printzia aromatica are used as a Tea at the Cape of Good Hope ; 

 those of Anandria discoidea are used by the Chinese as the Coltsfoot is in 

 Europe. 



The Cichoracea include several plants of note : the different kinds of 

 Lettuce, Lactuca virosa, Scariola, sativa (the Garden Lettuce), contain a 

 milky juice which has narcotic properties ; when evaporated to dryness it 

 forms a kind of gum, called by druggists Lactucarium, which is occasion- 

 ally used as a sedative. The Garden Lettuce loses much of its bitterness, 

 and, at the same time, of its narcotic properties, in cultivation. The 

 Dandelion, Leontodon Taraxacum (or Taraxacum Dens Leonis)^ has also a 

 milky juice, which is valued for its medicinal properties as a diuretic and 

 alterative, with some sedative qualities ; its roots, and still more those of 

 Chicory. or Succory (Cichorium Intybus), are used, roasted, to adulterate 

 coffee. Besides the Lettuce we have other esculent vegetables in this 

 Suborder : Cichorium Endivium furnishes the Salad Endive (blanched by 

 exclusion of light) ; Scorzonera is the root of Scorzonera hispanica, other 

 species of which are used in like manner in different countries ; Salsafy 

 is the root of Trayopoyon parvifolius, or Goafs-beard. 



The Compositae include a vast number of cultivated plants. The Dahlia 

 (D. variabilis}, the Chrysanthemum (Pyrethrum sinense, indicum), the 

 Cinerarias (Senecio cruenta, Tussilaginis, Heritieri), the China Aster 

 ( Callistemma hortense) are florist's flowers remarkable for the number and 

 beauty of their varieties. The Everlasting flowers, or Immortelles, are 



