BOTANICAL EEGIONS. 683 



mina, and many others; Cycas revoluta, Borassus flabelliformis, Cocos 

 nucifera, Calamus Rotang, C. rudentum, C. Draco, &c., Areca Catechu, 

 Dracaena Draco, Pandanus odoratissimus, Bambusa arundinacea. 



Cultivated plants. Rice, Millets, &c. (Panicuin frunientaceum, Eleusine 

 coracana, Sorghum, sp.). Sago (Cycas circinalis), Yams, Ground-nut (Ara- 

 chis), Cocoa-nut, Tamarind, Mango, Mangosteen, Bananas, Plantain, Rose- 

 Apples (Eugenia, Jambosa), Guava, Oranges, Shaddock, Water-Melon, 

 Sugar, Coffee, Cloves, Peppers, Ginger, Cardamoms, Turmeric, Cotton, 

 Indigo, &c., Soja, Beans, Pulses (Dolichos, sp.), Opium, Poppy, &c. 



(The publications of Roxburgh, Royle, Blume, Wight, Hooker, Thomson, 

 Miquel, Beccari, and others on the botany of this region are very numerous. 

 Hooker's * Flora of British India ' will be the most complete enumeration.) 



8. Region of Rhododendron-trees (JEmodic, or WallicKs Region). 

 Altitude, 5000-12,000 feet. Mean temperature, 66 Fahr. (19 C.). 



Character. Included in Grisebach's Indian Monsoon region, of which 

 it forms a marked subdivision. Tropical forms disappear or decrease : 

 Palmaceae, Cycadaceae, Scitamineae, Euphorbiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Apo- 

 cynaceae, Terebinthaceae, Leguminosae, Malvaceae, Anonaceae. 



Extratropical, especially European, forma come to light, or become 

 more abundant than in 7, such as Cariceae, Amentaceae, Coniferas, Poly- 

 goneae (Rumex, Polygonum, Rheum), Primulaceae (Primula, Lysimachia), 

 Labiatae, Ericaceae (Rhododendron, Andromeda), Cichoraceae, Umbelli- 

 ferae, Rosaceae (Potentilla, Rubus, Rosa, Pyrus, Mespilus, Prunus), Ace- 

 raceae, Caryophyllaceae (Stellaria, Cerastium, Arenaria), Cruciferae, 

 Ranunculaceae (Aconitum, Ranunculus, Thahctrum). The Orchideae and 

 Ferns are very numerous. Other characteristic forms are the 



Genera. Alliurn, Paris, Plantago, Veronica, Rhinanthus, Pedicularis, 

 Didymocarpeae, Gentiana, Swertia, Campanula, Valeriana, Galium, Conius, 

 Viburnum. 



Most important trees and shrubs. Pinus Pindrow, P. Webbiana, P. 

 excelsa, P. Khutrow, P. Gerardiana, Abies Smithiana, A. Browniana, 

 Cedrus Deodara, Cupressus torulosa, Podocarpus latifolia, Juniperus 

 squamata, J. excelsa, Quercus spicata and ten other sp., Corylus ferox, 

 Betula utilis, B. nitida, B. alnoides, Alnus nepalensis, Salix disperma, S. 

 cuspidata, S. japonica, Daphne cannabina, D. Gardneri, D. sericea, 

 Elaeagnus arborea, E. conferta, E.umbellata,Hippophae salicifolia, Fraxi- 

 nus fJoribunda, Ligustrum nepalense, L. bracteolatum, Xylosteuni ligus- 

 trinum, Caprifolium japonicum, C. macranthum, Cornus oblonga, C. 

 capitata, Viburnum foetidum, &c., Andromeda formosa, A. ovalifolia, &c., 

 Rhododendron arboreum, R. barbatum, R. Falconeri, and many other sp. ; 

 Ilex dipyrena, I. odorata, &c., Ribes Takare, Rosa microphylla, c., 

 Rubus rugosus, R. betulinus, &c., Spiraea canescens, &c.,Neillia thyrsiflora, 

 M. rubiflora, Mespilus affinis, &c., Prunus undulata, P. cerasoides, Rhus 

 juglandifolium, R. fraxinifolium, &c.,Rhamnus, sp., Celastrus, sp., Euony- 

 mus, sp., Acer acuminatum, A. oblongum, Dobinaea vulgaris, Magnolia, 

 sp., Berberis asiatica, B. Wallichiana. 



Note. The western portion of the Himalayas differs considerably from 



