INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ORCHARD TREES 425 



or four pounds of arsenate of lead (paste) to one hundred gallons 

 of water make the most effective spray. The proper time to 

 spray for this pest is just after the petals fall and while the 

 calyx cup is still open. It is of prime importance that the 

 calyx cup of every small apple or pear be filled in order that 

 the first meal that the young larva takes on the fruit will 

 contain enough of the poison to destroy it. In regions where 

 most of the larvae of the first brood hatch at about the same 

 time it has been found that a single spraying thoroughly done 

 at the proper time will save 95 or sometimes 98 per cent, of the 

 fruit. In places where the larvae issue irregularly it may be 

 desirable to give a second spraying about three or four weeks 

 after the blossoms fall, or even a third still later. The first 

 spraying should be done by using a coarse spray with a pressure 

 of from 150 to 250 pounds. This drives the spray through the 

 stamens and into the lower calyx cavity. Later sprayings 

 may be applied as a finer mist in order that a thin film of the 

 poison may be left over the surface of the fruit and leaves. 



The Apple-maggot, or Railroad-worm (Rhagoletis pomonella). 

 Sometimes an apple that is apparently perfectly sound ex- 

 ternally will be found to be "railroaded" inside by a dozen 

 or more little maggots that make discolored streaks through- 

 out it. When these larvae leave the apples they pupate in the 

 ground or in the boxes or barrels where the apples have been 

 stored, and early the next summer the adult flies issue. They 

 are a little smaller than the house-fly, and have the wings con- 

 spicuously marked by four black connected bands; the body is 

 blackish with yellowish head and legs, and 'with narrow white 

 stripes across the abdomen. 



This pest can be controlled by destroying infested summer 

 apples by gathering them up at least twice a week, or by allow- 

 ing hogs to run in the orchard and eat all the apples that fall. 



The Cherry Fruit-fly (Rhagoletis cingulata) . This insect, the 

 larvae of which are often found in cherries, looks very much 

 like the adult of the apple-maggot, but it is somewhat smaller 

 and the black bands across the wings are arranged differently. 



All fruit found to be affected should be destroyed before the 

 larvae have a chance to escape and pupate. 



