436 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY 



wither and die. If these are examined, minute, brownish, 

 black-headed larvae may be found in them. These larvae bore 

 down the center of the stem for one or two inches. When the 

 firmer wood is reached they leave the dead shoot and attack 

 another live one; thus one larva may destroy several twigs. 

 When full grown the larvae crawl down the branches to the 

 trunk of the tree, where they pupate. The small dark gray 

 moths that issue from these pupae lay their eggs on the new 

 twigs near the bases of the leaves. These eggs soon produce 

 the second generation of larvae which feed on the twigs as did 

 the first generation. In some places a third brood of larvae 

 may appear late in the fall. These, as well as the members 

 of the second brood, will often attack the fruit, usually working 

 in or around the seed, often doing much damage and always 

 making the fruit unattractive. 



The larvae of the last brood pupate early in the fall, and the 

 moths that issue from these pupae lay their eggs close to the 

 crotches of the tree. The young larvae that issue from these 

 eggs bore into the bark in the crotches and make a little cell 

 in which they pass the winter. Little turrets made of pellets 

 woven together with silk spun by the larvae mark the locations 

 of these silk-lined cells in which the larvae hibernate. As 

 soon as the buds begin to grow in the spring the larvae leave 

 their burrows and begin their destructive work. The most 

 effective remedy is to spray the trees with sulphur-lime as 

 soon as the buds begin to swell. This will kill the larvae 

 after they have opened up the winter cells and are migrating 

 from these to the tender shoots. 



The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer (Saperda Candida}. 

 Frequently the trees in young apple orchards are injured by 

 cylindrical round-headed larvae boring in the trunk. A few 

 of these larvae working in a small tree may entirely girdle it. 

 After feeding in the cambium for tw r o seasons the larvae bore 

 into the heart of the wood, and not until the third season do 

 they change to the pupae from which the adult beetles issue. 



The methods of control are much the same as those suggested 

 for the peach borer, the object being to keep the beetle from 

 laying her eggs on the tree, and to cut out any larvae that may 



