444 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY 



secreting white filamentous or flocculent masses of wax which 

 protect the eggs. In the other groups the eggs may be hatched 

 within the body of the mother and the young produced alive, or 

 they may be protected underneath her body, or under the waxy 

 scale, until they hatch. The young, or larvae, of all the 

 species are very similar, being minute, mite-like, little creatures 

 that move about freely for a while. It is in this stage that 

 they scatter over the different parts of the tree and sometimes 

 even to different trees or orchards. The females molt twice 

 during their development. With some there is little change 

 in the appearance of the insect after these molts, but with 

 others, as we have seen, the changes may be very remarkable. 

 During the first stage, and often during the second also, the 

 males and females are very much alike, but in their further 

 development the male makes one more molt than the female 

 and enters a pupal stage in which the appendages of the future 

 adult can be clearly seen folded against the sides of the body. 

 The adult males that issue from these pupae are remarkable 

 in several respects. Although belonging to the order Hemip- 

 tera, the adults of which normally have two pairs of wings, 

 the male Coccids have only one pair, the second pair being 

 represented by two slender, little, hooked organs which hook 

 over the hind margin of the wings. They have no mouth-parts 

 or mouth-opening for taking food. In the place where the 

 mouth-parts are usually situated there is an extra pair of 

 eyes. In many species the end of the abdomen is provided 

 with long, pointed, stylet-like processes. 



As the females never acquire wings, and as the larvae are so 

 small that they can crawl for only a few yards at the most, 

 it is evident that these insects must depend on some agencies 

 besides their own powers of locomotion for their general dispersal. 

 The active young larvae may crawl on the feet of birds, or upon 

 insects, such as the ladybird-beetles or the ants that are often 

 found on trees that are infested with the scale-insects, and thus 

 be carried for considerable distances to other trees or to near-by 

 orchards. Or they may crawl on the ladders or boxes or other 

 articles that are used in gathering the fruit. It is evident, how- 

 ever, that nursery stock or budding or grafting materials, are the 



