448 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY 



after hatching. Kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap or other 

 sprays may be used just after the young hatch as they are 

 very easily killed before they are protected by the scale. 



The Scurfy-scale (Chionaspis furfur a). This scale is very 

 common on apple and pear trees, but may also attack cherry, 

 peach, plum and many other trees. The scale of the adult fe- 

 male is whitish or dirty gray, flat, and irregu- 

 larly ovate. The yellow exuvium is at the 

 narrowed anterior end. The scale of the 

 male is snow white, and elongate with the 

 sides nearly parallel. The males and the 

 females usually occur on different branches. 

 They pass the winter in the egg stage and so 

 are controlled by the same methods as are 

 recommended for the oyster-shell scale. 



The European Fruit Lecanium (Lecanium 

 corni). There are several species of scale- 

 insects that belong to the group commonly 

 known as Lecaniums, but as they are similar 

 in appearance and habits only one species 

 will be described. L. corni was formerly 

 known under many different names as it 

 varies somewhat in appearance under dif- 

 ferent conditions and on different host plants. 

 In many regions it is usually known as the 

 plum-scale. In the west it is commonly 

 known as the brown apricot-scale. It is 

 usually quite convex, sometimes almost hemi- 

 spherical, but often oval or even pointed at 

 one or both ends. The color varies from light 

 brown to dark brown, a medium reddish- 

 brown being perhaps the prevailing color. 

 The surface is usually shiny and often marked by fuscous 

 transverse or longitudinal markings and irregular pits. The 

 young insects may be found on the twigs and branches of the 

 tree during the winter time, as it passes the winter in the im- 

 mature stage. Any large apparently full-grown scales which 

 may be found during the winter are the remains of the dead 



FIG. 212. The 

 European fruit 

 Lecanium, L. 

 corni, on twig of 

 apricot tree. 

 (Natural size) 



