INSECTS INJURIOUS TO BERRIES 467 



generation. Adults hibernate in leaves or rubbish in the vine- 

 yard or along the fences or in near-by fields or meadows, and if 

 such places are burned over during late fall or winter these 

 hibernating adults may be destroyed. 



When the insects attack the vines they may be more or 

 less successfully controlled by spraying with some contact 

 insecticide, such as whale-oil soap, kerosene emulsion, or 

 resin spray (see page 417). An undershot nozzle must be 

 used and great care taken to reach the underside of all the 

 leaves. In California and other places where the vines are 

 pruned back close to the main trunk each year, a hopper cage 

 made by fastening fine wire screen, such as mosquito netting, 

 over a frame may often be used with 

 success. One side of the cage is left 

 open and the bottom is made of a 

 shallow tray with a U-shaped opening 

 so that the cage may be pushed over 

 the vine. The sides of the tray are 

 smeared with crude oil so that the 

 hoppers that fly from the vine when FlG 22I ._ Gr ape leaf- 

 it is jarred are caught and killed in hoppers, at left Typhlocyba 

 this material. When the vines are v ^erata, on right T comes. 

 , , , e ... (Much enlarged: after 



not pruned back, of course, this cage Forbes.) 



cannot be used. In such places sticky 



shields against which the leaf-hoppers are likely to jump when 

 two men are carrying them on opposite sides of the vines, may 

 catch and destroy large numbers of these pests. 



RASPBERRIES AND BLACKBERRIES 



The most serious pests of raspberries and blackberries are the 

 borers that attack the canes. The raspberry root-borer, Bem- 

 becia marginata, also called the raspberry crown-borer, usually 

 attacks the plant below the surface of the ground, sometimes 

 girdling and killing it, but it may sometimes leave the roots 

 and bore into the canes. The adult insects are beautiful clear- 

 winged moths related to the peach-tree borer and the 



