BUTTERFLIES. 161 



Some of the South American species have very strongly den- 

 tated hind wings ; so much so as occasionally to appear to have 

 several short tails. This is the case with P. Grayi, Boisd., and to 

 a less extent in P. Androgeos, Cram., both of which are black, with 

 yellow markings, but which represent two different sections of the 

 genus. 



P. Demoleus, Linn., is a very common African butterfly. It is 

 brown, with yellow markings, and two bluish eyes on the hind 

 wings. P. Erithonius, Cram., a very closely-allied species, but with 

 a broader and more irregular band on the hind wings, is one of 

 the most abundant butterflies in India. 



Papilio Helenus, Linn., and its allies are large black East Indian 

 butterflies, three or four inches in expanse, with a large cream- 

 coloured palmate spot on the hind wings. These lead us on to 

 Papilio Paris, Linn., and its allies, which are black, spangled with 

 golden green, and are frequently marked with a large blue spot on 

 the hind wings, instead of a cream-coloured one. 



Many handsome species of Papilio inhabit the Eastern Islands 

 and North Australia, one of the most remarkable of which is 

 P. Ulysses, Linn., which is of a deep blue, with black borders. A 

 great contrast to this is P. Nox, Swains., a dark-brown species 

 from Java, with only a faint purple reflection. 



Black and green is a very prevalent colour among East Indian 

 and African species. One of the commonest species in the former 

 locality is P. Sarpedon, Linn. Other very common colours in the 

 genus, especially among the tailed species, are white, cream colour, 

 and yellow. Our only British species, P. Machaon, Linn., is black 

 and yellow, with a large red eye at the anal angle of the hind 

 wings. In England it is confined to the fen districts in the south- 

 east, but it is a generally distributed insect on the Continent, and is 

 likewise met with over a considerable part of Asia. Many species 

 more or less resembling this in colour are found in the northern 

 hemisphere ; the finest being perhaps P. Daunus, Boisd., which 

 inhabits California and New Mexico. It measures nearly six 

 inches across the wings, and has three tails on the hind 

 wings. 



The Scarce Swallowtail (P. Podalirius, Linn.), though now 

 extinct in England, is common in many parts of the Continent. 

 The fore wings are more pointed, and the hind wings are more 

 triangular, with longer and slenderer tails, than in P. Machaon. It 

 is a pale yellow butterfly, with black transverse bands ; and the 



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