82 PAGAN TRIBES OF BORNEO chap. 



renders him assistance and service, and shares his 

 fortunes [Fidus Achates in short) ; him he addresses 

 as Bakis, and the title is used reciprocally. A title 

 reciprocally used by those who are very dear friends, 

 especially by those who have enjoyed the favours of 

 the same fair one, is Toyong (or among the Sea 

 Dayaks — Imprian). 



This list includes all the important Kayan terms 

 used to denote personal relations and kinship, so far 

 as we know ; and we think it very improbable that 

 any have escaped us. There seem to be no secret 

 names, except in so far as names discarded on 

 account of misfortune are not willingly recalled or 

 communicated ; but a child's name is seldom used, 

 and adults also seem to avoid calling on one another 

 by their proper names, especially when in the 

 jungle, the title alone, such as Oyong or Aban being 

 commonly used ; apparently owing to some vaguely 

 conceived risk of directing to the individual named 

 the attentions of malevolent powers.^ 



The foregoing account of the social organisation 

 of the Kayans applies equally well to the Kenyahs, 

 except that some of the titles used are different. 

 The Klemantans and Muruts, too, present few 

 important differences except that the power of the 

 chiefs is decidedly less, and the distinction of the 

 social strata less clearly marked, and slaves are less 

 numerous. The Sea Dayak social organisation is 

 also similar in most of its features. The most 

 important of the differences presented by it are the 

 following : — Polygamy is not allowed, and occurs 

 only illicitly. Both parties are fined when the facts 

 are discovered. Divorce is very common and 



^ We append to this chapter a table showing the names and degrees of 

 kinship of all the inhabitants of one Kenyah long house. At the suggestion of 

 Dr. W. H. R. Rivers, who has found this method of great value in disentangl- 

 ing the complicated kinship systems of some Melanesian and Papuan and other 

 peoples, we have collected similar information regarding Kayan, Sea Dayak, 

 Klemantan, and Murut villages. But in no case does the table discover any 

 trace of any elaborate kinship system. 



