lilGliriiENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 



57 



it was against this pest that the demonstrations chiefly were 

 directed. The home-boiled Hme-sulphur wash was used in 

 most instances, but the commercial or concentrated lime- 

 sulphur was applied in a few cases. In all the orchards it was 

 recognized by the visitors themselves that the pests had been 

 controlled. In many instances trees that were badlv infested 

 the year before were, at the fall examination, found to be 

 practically free from Scale. x\t the orchards of the Dapuhin 

 County Home, the Lancaster County Home and Or])hanage, 

 and others, the fruit was practically unfit for use the previous 

 year, but was found this year to be better than it had been for 

 some time. The officers in charge did not hesitate to attribute 

 this to the methods that we used, and thus these orchards 

 became practical object lessons, standing as irrefutable argu- 

 ments against any remarks that might be made unfavorable 

 to spraying. 



The chief purposes of these demonstrations were to illus- 

 trate the application of certain principles, w^hich are now rec- 

 ognized as the basis of successful work of this kind. Among 

 these are the following: 



The orchardist must have a sufficient knowledge of the 

 principles of application of fungicides and insecticides to 

 know that the former are used to prevent the appearance of 

 fungous diseases, while the latter are used as remedies for in- 

 sect pests. The word "preventive" alone indicates that it is 

 to be used before the trouble comes. The chief fungicide is 

 the Bordeaux mixture, made by the 3-4 or the 4-4 formula 

 for apples, and the 2-4 formula for peach and plum, although 

 there should really be no need of spraying" peach and plum 

 with this material. The commercial lime-sulphur wash has 

 made its appearance on the market in a concentrated form, and 

 is recommended by us for use in destroying the San Jose 

 Scale during the winter or dormant period of the tree, when 

 not too greatly dilute (one to eight), but it is also recom- 

 mended by manufacturers and agents, with considerable di- 

 lution, such as one to thirty or forty, to act as a fungicide and 

 take the place of the Bordeaux mixture. I have tested it on 

 potatoes for Potato Blight, but as the Blight did not come in 



