6 Diseases of Economic Plants ■. 



them a poisonous appearance to ward off depredation of 

 the hungry passer-by. The vines so treated in 1882 were 

 noted by PriUieux and Millardet to be less injured by 

 the mildew than were other vines, and they ascribed the 

 beneficial effect to its proper cause, the lime-bluestone 

 mixture. 



While several investigators were engaged simultaneously 

 in experimenting with these chemicals upon the mildew, 

 it was Millardet who first planned and executed experi- 

 ments and published results which demonstrated the com- 

 mercial value of the lime-bluestone treatment. 



The first systematic applications of copper, and of copper 

 with lime as a disease preventive, were made under the 

 direction of Millardet, August 18, 1883. In 1884 the work 

 was repeated, and in 1885 Millardet published the first 

 directions for preparing Bordeaux mixture: 



Water 130 liters (34 gallons) 



Bluestone ..... 8 kilograms (17.6 pounds) 

 Lime ..... 15 kilograms (33 pounds) 



This mixture was to be shaken upon the plants with a 

 broom. 



Following this demonstration came the introduction of 

 an era, not yet at an end, of active experimentation with 

 fungicides, wet and dry, which has already yielded results 

 of incalculable value. 



In 1885 also appeared for the first time the Ammoniacal 

 Copper Carbonate proposed by Professor Audoynaud of 

 the Montpelier Agricultural School. 



Saunders, in the Canadian HortiaiUurist in 1884, sug- 

 gested the use of several liquid spraying mixtures for apple 

 scab, but little if any liquid spraying for plant diseases was 

 done in America prior to 1885. 



In 1885, from the Section of Mycology, Division of Bot- 

 any, United States Department of Agriculture, appeared an 

 article by Lamson-Scribner, giving directions for making 

 "the copper mixture of Gironde," the primitive Bordeaux 



