MONOPOLY OF TRADE TRUSTS. 637 



of all the oil produced in the country at this time had to 

 be sold to the Standard, who thus controlled the price." 



The testimony of Mr. Cassett, of the Pennsylvania 

 railroad, in 1878, showed "that the road gave the Stand- 

 ard and affiliated companies a rebate on crude oil of 49 

 cents per barrel from Bradford field, and 51 cents from the 

 lower field. The railroad also gave the Standard 22^ 

 cents per barrel on all oil shipped by people not affiliated 

 with the Standard. The rates on refined oil were 80 cents 

 to the Standard and $1.45 to the public. 



Augustus H. Tack, of Philadelphia, formerly of the 

 Citizens' Oil Manufacturing Company, of Pittsburg, 

 related how his company and others had been squeezed to 

 death by the Standard. The allowance of rebates and 

 deductions to the Standard resulted in breaking up all 

 individual refineries which did not coalesce with the 

 Standard. Mr. Tack estimated the capital destroyed in 

 this manner at $15,000,000 to $17,000,000 and the 

 amount of money which the Standard had made by the 

 rebates at $250,000,000. Another one of these combina- 

 tions is the sugar trust, with a capital of $45,000,000. 

 From the proceedings of the New York State Senatorial 

 Investigating Committee on Trusts, we are enabled to 

 gather some of the u ways that are dark" of this ''com- 

 bine." One witness testified that the firm of Havemeyer 

 & Elder were taken in at between $16,000,000 and 

 $17,000,000; Castro & Downerat, $3,000,000; Matthiesson 



6 Weichers at $2,600,000; the Oxnord at $250,000; Mol- 

 ler & Sierck at $1,150,000; Dick & Myer at $2,000,000; 

 the Standard, of Boston, at $2,700,000; Bay State at 

 $900,000. Witnesses testified that refineries were ordered 

 shut down for the purpose of limiting production, 



Mr. Barrett, of the American Grocer, testified that 

 prices of sugar had advanced from 5^ cents in 1887 to 



7 i-i6th cents in January, 1888. This institution exists 



