THE 



POPULAR SCIENCE 

 MONTHLY. 



FEBRTTAEY, 1884. 



THE NEW TOKYISM. 



Br HEEBEET SPENCEB. 



MOST of those who now pass as Liberals, are Tories of a new 

 type. This is a paradox which I propose to justify. That I 

 may justify it, I must first point out what the two political parties 

 originally were ; and I must then ask the reader to bear with me while 

 I remind him of facts he is familiar with, that I may impress on him 

 the intrinsic natures of Toryism and Liberalism properly so called. 



Dating back to an earlier period than their names, these two po- 

 litical parties at first stood respectively for two opposed types of social 

 organization, broadly distinguishable as the militant and the indus- 

 trial — types which are characterized, the one by the regime status, 

 almost universal in ancient days, and the other characterized by the 

 regime of contract, which has become general in modern days, chiefly 

 among the Western nations, and especially among ourselves and the 

 Americans. If, instead of using the word " co-operation " in a limited 

 sense, we use it in its widest sense, as describing the combined activi- 

 ties of citizens under whatever system of regulation, then these two 

 are definable as the system of compulsory co-operation and the system 

 of voluntary co-operation. The typical structure of the one we see 

 in an army formed of conscripts, in which the units in their several 

 grades have to fulfill commands under pain of death, and receive food 

 and clothing and pay arbitrarily apportioned ; while the typical struct- 

 ure of the other we see in a body of producers or distributors, who 

 severally agree to specified salaries and wages in return for specified 

 services, and may at will, after due notice, leave the organization if 

 they do not like it. 



During social evolution in England, the distinction between these 

 two fundamentally-opposed forms of co-operation made its appearance 



TOL. XXIV. — 28 



