Season of use 



Season of use is an important element of grazing management that must be considered in grazing plans for forestlands similar to consideration given 

 to season of use in other land types. Concerns related to early spring/early summer use, livestock distribution, water availability, "hot season" use in 

 the summer and fall, and woody species use are relative in forestland grazing systems as well. Remember that the higher elevations of most forest- 

 land grazing units delay the start of plant growth. Turn on dates may need to be deferred until late spring or summer, to keep from using these plants 

 too early in their growing season 



TiMbER MAINAqEMENT ANCJ qRAZil\q In fORESllANcis 



Timber management activities will also have a significant impact on livestock movements. Livestock cannot easily access harvested areas that have 

 accumulated debris and slash. Disposing of slash encourages the use of harvested areas. When deciding how much slash to remo\'c, consider wildlife 

 values and the benefits that slash piles provide to their habitat. 



Timber management can also aftect the quality and quantity of forage by manipulating the density of the tree canopy. Forage quality can be 

 improved by stand thinning, grass seeding, and prescribed burning. 



Timber harvest and stand thinning can help distribute livestock away from riparian areas if the harvested sites are seeded to palatable grasses. Forest 

 habitat types that are best adapted to livestock grazing improvements are the Ponderosa Pine and Douglas-fir Habitat Types. 



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