1890.] MICROSCOPICAL JOURNAL. Ill 



BIOLOGICAL NOTES. 



By J. II. PILLSBURY, 



NORTHAMPTON, MASS. 



Cockle Parasite. — Mr. M. L. Huct in Bull. Soc. Linn. Noi-- 

 7nandic^ ser. 4, vol. ii, p. 145, 1SS9, describes a parasite found by him 

 in the edible cockle, Cardiiim cdule^ which he considers identical 

 with Bucephalus halnieanus^ which is found in Ostrea edulis and 

 Cardiuin rzisflczun^ except that he is notable to discern an oesophagal 

 tube which is described in that worm. He finds them during- the 

 months of Nov^, Dec, Jan., and Feb., in about 4 per cent, of the cockles 

 examined. 



Eudorina. — Mr. M. P. A. Dangeard in the same publication, p. 

 124, describes the method of formation of antherozoids directly from 

 " green globular cells resembling the vegetative cells and oospheres." 

 This he says is an addition to the ordinary method of forming anthero- 

 zoids. 



Examination of Sputa. — W. H. Bugtold, M. D., has a valuable 

 article in the April number of The Microscope on this subject. The 

 writer enumerates the various ingredients of normal sputum and the 

 more important organisms which are likely to be found as abnormal 

 ingredients and indications of disease. Considerable space is given to 

 the discussion of methods of treating Bacillus tuberculosis for micro- 

 scopic examinations. 



Organisms in Common Yeast. — Herr W. L. Peters, as a result 

 of a series of examinations and cultures of baker's yeast, states that he 

 finds it to contain generally three kinds of Blastomycetes and five of 

 Schezomycetes. Of these forms Saccharomyces ?ninor Engl., one un- 

 named species and Mycoderma viiii are generally present ; the latter 

 in very small quantities in fresh yeast, but more abundant in stale yeast. 

 A fourth form, Saccharomyces cerevisice^ he found occasionally pres- 

 ent, but by no means regularly. Of the Schezomycetes three forms 

 were species of bacterium and two of bacillus, and these have to do 

 with secondarv or lactic fermentation. 



" Some Habits of the Cray-fish." 



By Prof. C. W. HARGITT, 



OXFORD, OHIO. 



Under the above title in the April number of the last volume of this 

 Journal there appeared an interesting account of a few of the habits 

 of this crustacean by Prof. L. W. Chaney, of Carleton College. It is 

 the purpose of this article to contribute certain additional facts bearing 

 upon the subject, which have come under my notice during several 

 years of laboratory experience, during which time the cray-fish has been 

 an almost constant occupant of the aquaria. The observations, how- 

 ever, were not restricted to habits exhibited in these artificial homes. 

 It abounds in the streams of the adjacent country, and may be observed 

 at almost any time during at least eight months of the year ; since it 

 leaves its hibernating quarters at the first sign of spring, and only re- 



