ages gone is able to deliver 

 only from forty to fifty 

 per cent of its thermal 

 energy in pull. 



The horse, however, 

 has certain disadvantages 

 — its body must be fed 

 and kept warm when idle, 

 during fatigue periods, at 

 night and through the long 

 cold winters. The engine 

 when not in use consumes 

 no fuel, and can be set aside 

 in the fall to await the next 

 spring's work, without attention. 

 If properly oiled, the engine 

 does not deteriorate when not in 

 use, while animals grow old whether they are working or not and 

 are subject to disease and premature death. 



Horses must be fed and watered every day. Oil, used as a 

 fuel, is cheaper than oats. One man can control four or five horses 

 at work, while with an engine the power of one hundred horses 

 can be centered in the hand of a single operator. 



The time of plowing is short and requires quick work. Horses 

 cannot be worked more than ten hours per day. They must be 

 rested and fed, while the engine with a headlight can be operated 

 twenty-four hours per day. 



These advantages, together with the fact that the thermal 

 efficiency of the O'l^f almost equals that of nature's great prime 

 mover, the horse, enable us to compete with the animal and to do 

 its work for from one-half to one-third the former cost. 



James Watt perfected his steam engine in 1765. We must 

 think back but 140 odd years to realize what a revolution he brought 

 about — there is the railroad forming a regular network over the 

 face of the country, connecting cities, states and nations, facilitating 

 transportation of products from city to city, state to state and 

 nation to nation. There is the modern city with its factories 

 that furnish employment and living for millions of workers. 

 The steam engine has changed our lives from their very 

 foundations up and in those countries where it is used it has 

 increased the population itself five and six fold. 



Before Stephenson, transportation was carried on by the use 

 of horses on country roads. He harnessed steam and made it do 





