ORCBARD AND YIXETARD. 113 



ol its food. Hence the injury that ensues when the delic&te rooUeto are bo 

 deeply buried in earth. Placing fresh or green manure in contact with the 

 young roots ia another great error; the place to put manure is on the sur- 

 face, where the elements disintegrate, dissolve, and carry it downward. 

 Numerous forms of fungi are generated and reproduced by the application 

 of such manures directly to the roots, and they immediately attack the tree. 

 It 18 very well to enrich the aoU at transplanting the tree, but the manure, if 

 it be in contact with or very near the roots, should be thoroughly decom- 

 posed. 



Fruit Tre« Culture. — A writer in the Weglem Agriculturist give* 

 these rules, which are of wide appUcation: 1. Instead of " trimming up " 

 trees according to the old £ei8hion, to make them long-legged and long- 

 armed, trim them down, so as to make them even, snug and symmetrical. 

 2. Instead of manuring heavily in a small circle at the foot of the tree, spread 

 tke manure, if needed at all, broadcast over the whole surface. 3. Instead 

 of spading a small circle about the stem, cultivate the whole surface broad- 

 cast. 4. Prefer a well pulverized, clean surface in an orchard, with a 

 moderately rich soil, to heavy manuring and a surface covered with a hard 

 crust and weeds and grass. 5. Remember that it is better to set out ten trees 

 with all the necessary care to make them live and flourish, than to set out a 

 hundred trees, and have them all die fit)m carelessness. 6. Remember that 

 tobacco is a poison, and will kill insects rapidly if properly appUed to them, 

 and is one of the beat drugs for ^seing fruit trees rapidly of small vermin. 



Protection of Trees. — Mr. A. 31. Daniels, in an address before the 

 Chenango County Farmers' Club, in relation to the protection of trees, stated 

 as the result of his observation that, " when the fruit is stimulated to rapid 

 growth by an abundance of juices in the tree, it is affected by the hot sun 

 and drying wind. In the disease called the frozen sap blight, so disastrous 

 to young orchards when it affects the trunk, the tree dies. This occurs more 

 frequently after severe winters, by inactive or arrested circtilation. Young 

 orchards should be protected from the hot sun or cold of winter by die tise 

 of straw, cloth, or board boxes. The scorching rays of the sun should never 

 be allowed to come on the body of a tree, and Nature by the foliage provides 

 against it. No fruit tree can stand freezing and thawing in spring without 

 being injured by it. The great object to be attained in raising a young 

 orchard is ripened and mature growth. When that is attained we are on the 

 road to success. Late growth should not be stimulated." 



Fruit Cellju^. — Fruit cellars need careful oversight; for the late sorts 

 to come to proper perfection, and to keep well, they must be in a tempera- 

 ture as low as may be without freezing; it must not be forgotten that frrdt in 

 ripening gives off heat, and this must be regtilated by the admission of cold 

 air from without. In ripening, a considerable amount of carbonic acid is 

 given off, which would be of use ih retarding the ripening, but very danger- 

 ous if allowed to accumtdate in the cellar of a dwelling, hence ventilation by 

 means of a chimney, or in some other manner, is a matter that must be 

 attended to. 



Thi nnin g Fruit. — An orchardist who makes his trees bear a moderate 

 crop every year, of larger and finer fruit than when crowded, gives the fol- 

 lowing directions for doing the work: A light ladder is used to give ready 

 access to any part of the tree. The branch is held in the left hand, whil« 



