** In the case of root crops, especially potatoes, when fed to hogs, they 

 should be cooked. The cooking does not add to digestibility here, but it 

 adds to palatability ; so that hogs will eat more cooked potatoes than they 

 will of raw. And since it is the amount eaten over and above a mainten- 

 ance ration that produces all the gain, we can see the importancce of feeding 

 a growing hog all it can eat. 



" The question often arises whether it pays to steam hay for cattle. 

 Definite information on this question is not at hand; but in the case of 

 coarse, unpalatable stems, it is probable that steaming would cause cattle to 

 eat them more readily, and t^us prove beneficial. 



"Effect on Milk and Butter. There are a number of. feeding stuffs that 

 have a decided influence on the milk and butter produced. In feeding dairy 

 cows, care should be taken when feeding substances known to taint the milk, 

 to feed such materials immediately after milking, and at least ten hours 

 before the next milking. Turnips may be thus fed without injury to the 

 milk. 



" In feeding raw potatoes do not feed a dairy cow more than 20 or 25 

 pounds a day. A larger quantity produces a peculiar effect on the butter. 



"Carrots are reputed to give butter a yellow colour. The writer has no 

 positive knowledge as to the truth of the matter. 



" Experiments indicate that linseed meal and gluten meal tend to render 

 the butter product less firm, while cotton seed meal, oats and sugar-beet pulp 

 give a firm butter. Oats also tend to give a higher colour to butter, while 

 cotton seed meal makes it paler, and raises its melting point several degrees. 



" Digestihility. A simple chemical analysis, showing the amount of pro- 

 tein, carbohydrates and fat in a given feed, does not tell us what its value 

 as a feeding stuff is. The reason is, that animals can digest only a portion 

 of the nutritive elements in food. Hence, in order to know the amount of 

 really useful materials in a food it is necessary to analyze a sample of the 

 food, then feed it to an animal and carefully collect and analyze the manure 

 produced, so as to know what the animal really got out of the food. For 

 example : Let us suppose that a dry cow is fed 20 pounds of timothy hay per 

 day. Analysis shows that 20 pounds of timothy hay cut in full bloom contains 

 the following: — 



Protein. Carbohydrates. Fat. 



20 lbs. timothy hay 1.2 lbs. 14.3 lbs. .6 lbs. 



" Now, by carefully analysing the manure produced, and deducting the 

 amounts of protein, etc., found in it from the amounts fed, we should find the 

 digestible nutrients in 20 pounds of timothy hay to be about as follows : — 



" Digestible nutrients in 20 pounds timothy hay : Protein, 0.57 pounds ; 

 carbohydrates, 8.72 pounds; fat, 0.29 pounds; 0.57 pounds is 48 per cent, 

 of 1.2 pounds ; i. e., the protein in timothy hay is 48 per cent, digestible. In 

 the same way the digestibility of the carbohydrates is found to be 61 per cent., 

 and of the fat, 48 per cent. 



Feeding Standards. 

 " We have learned that different animals, and even the same animal under 

 different conditions, require different amounts of protein, carbohydrates and 

 fat in their daily rations. A great deal of experimental work has been done 



