CATTLE 



11 



indicates its presence. When an animal 

 becomes thin from no apparent cause, sus- 

 picion is excited. This concUtion may arise 

 from many causes other than tuberculosis. 

 Coughing; is almost a natural thing in cattle 

 and in all animals which chcnv th(Mr cud, 

 the food jjeing vomited ixick into the moutli 

 for proper chewing and masticating, con- 

 stantly causing some little irritation. 



The tuberculin test is the only agent 

 we have at the present time, which is ca- 

 pable of picking out tuberculous animals, 

 and it liehooves every breeder to ascertain 

 if his hertl is clean. Cattle free from tuber- 

 culosis are cheaper to feed and cheaper to 

 keep. Keeping diseased cattle is a waste of 

 time and a menace to the swine on the farm 

 and those who drink and eat dairy products. 



The tuberculin test should be applied 

 only by reliable, conscientious veterinarians, 

 ancl when once the herd is clean only animals 

 from known healthy herds should be added. 

 If farmers are contemplating the purchase 

 of pure bred cattle they should buy only 

 from some accredited tuberculous-free herds. 

 The state veterinarian can give the names 

 of the breeders whose herds are so listed. 



If an animal suspected of the disease dies, 

 an examination of the carcass will deter- 

 mine whether or not the disease exists. The 

 lungs are to be removed and by passing the 

 hand over its surface nodules or lumps will 

 be felt. On cutting into these lumps they 

 will be found to contain soft cheesy pus, or 

 if of long standing will be hard and gritty. 

 The glands on the windpipe between the 

 lungs should also be cut to ascertain if any 

 pus is present. 



When diseased animals are removed from 

 a herd, the stalls, mangers, and water troughs 

 are to be disinfected as in all contagious 

 diseases. 



First remove all litter and dirt, then 

 sprinkle the stalls, mangers and troughs 

 with a solution containing six ounces of 

 lysol to a gallon of water. Allow this to dry. 

 The sides of stalls and woodwork in the barn 

 can then be whitewashed, adding six ounces 

 of chloride of lime to each gallon of white- 

 wash. 



COWS' TEETH ACCORDING TO AGE 



Cattle, like horses, iiave two sets of teeth, 

 the temporary or milk teeth, and later the 

 permanent teeth, which permanent teeth 

 are of course larger than the milk because of 

 the increase in the size of the animal's jaw 

 as it becomes older. 



Oftentimes the calf is born with the cen- 

 tral pair of temporary teeth. The balance 



of the temporary teeth come in within the 

 first month. These incisor teeth which come 

 in four pairs are in the lower jaw only oper- 

 ating against a cartilaginous pad in the 

 uppcT jaw. 



At about eighteen months old the central 

 pair of milk teeth are reiilaced by perma- 

 nent ones. These are quickly recognized, as 

 they are twice as broad as the milk teeth. 



Each succ(^eding pair of p(>rmanent teeth 

 appear at intervals of about nine months' 

 time, but this varies considerably according 

 to conditions, being ai)t to exceed this time. 

 As a rule each pair is through and in service 

 at the following ages: 



First pair of Porinancnt Tooth IS months 



Socond pair of IVriiiaiiont Tooth 27 months 



Third pair of Pormanont Tooth 'M) months 



Fourth pair of Pormanont Tcoth 4.5 months 



Some authorities give the time of appear- 

 ance of the permanent teeth as follows: 

 First permanent pair at two years old, 

 second pair at tiiree. third pair at four, and 

 fourth pair at five years old. 



Cows' teeth undergo but little change for 

 years and are never fixed tightly in the jaw 

 as the permanent teeth of a horse. 



