PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. X xi 



THE PBINCIPLES OF MOKALITY. 



VOL. I. 



PAET I. THE DATA OF MOKALITY. Generalizations fur- 

 nished by Biology, Psychology and Sociology, which underlie 

 a true theory of right living: in other words, the elements of 

 that equilibrium between constitution and conditions of ex- 

 istence, which is at once the moral ideal and the limit towards 

 which we are progressing. 



II. THE INDUCTIONS OF MORALITY. Those empirically- 

 established rules of human action which are registered as es- 

 sential laws by all civilized nations: that is to say the gen- 

 eralizations of expediency. 



III. PERSONAL MORALS. The principles of private con- 

 duct physical, intellectual, moral and religious that follow 

 from the conditions to complete individual life: or, what is 

 the same thing those modes of private action which must 

 result from the eventual equilibration of internal desires and 

 external needs. 



VOL. II. 



IV. JUSTICE. The mutual limitations of men's actions 

 necessitated by their co-existence as units of a society limita- 

 tions, the perfect observance of which constitutes that state 

 of equilibrium forming the goal of political progress. 



V. NEGATIVE BENEFICENCE. Those secondary limita- 

 tions, similarly necessitated, which, though less important and 

 not cognizable by law, are yet requisite to prevent mutual 

 destruction of happiness in various indirect ways: in other 

 words those minor self-restraints dictated by what may be 

 called passive sympathy. 



VI. POSITIVE BENEFICENCE. Comprehending all modes 

 of conduct, dictated by active sympathy, which imply pleasure 

 in giving pleasure modes of conduct that social adaptation 

 has induced and must render ever more general; and which, 



