436 THE INSTABILITY OF THE HOMOGENEOUS. 



ernmental relations, must, like all other homogeneous bod- 

 ies, become heterogeneous, we also see that it must do this 

 from the same ultimate cause unequal exposure of its 

 parts to incident forces. 



The first industrial divisions of societies are much more 

 obviously due to unlikenesses of external circumstances. 

 Such divisions are absent until such unlikenesses are estab- 

 lished. Nomadic tribes do not permanently expose any 

 groups of their members to special local conditions ; nor does 

 a stationary tribe, when occupying only a small area, main- 

 tain from generation to generation marked contrasts in the 

 local conditions of its members ; and in such tribes there are 

 no decided economical differentiations. But a community 

 which, growing populous, has overspread a large tract, and 

 has become so far settled that its members live and die in 

 their respective districts, keeps its several sections in differ- 

 ent physical circumstances ; and then they no longer remain 

 alike in their occupations. Those who live dispersed con- 

 tinue to hunt or cultivate the earth ; those who spread to the 

 sea-shore fall into maritime occupations; while the inhabit- 

 ants of some spot chosen, perhaps for its centrality, as one of 

 periodical assemblage, become traders, and a town springs 

 up. Each of these classes undergoes a modification of char- 

 acter consequent on its function, and better fitting it to its 

 function. Later in the process of social evolution these local 

 adaptations are greatly multiplied. A result of differences in 

 soil and climate, is that the rural inhabitants in different 

 parts of the kingdom have their occupations partially spe- 

 cialized; and become respectively distinguished as chiefly 

 producing cattle, or sheep, or wheat, or oats, or hops, or 

 cyder. People living where coal-fields are discovered are 

 transformed into colliers; Cornishmen take to mining be- 

 cause Cornwall is metalliferous; and the iron-manufacture 

 is the dominant industry where iron-stone is plentiful. 

 Liverpool has assumed the office of importing cotton, in con- 

 sequence of "its proximity to the district where cotton goods 



